Nokea
Which endocrine disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- B. Graves' disease
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Thyroid nodules
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The symptoms described—tachycardia, weight loss, and tremors—are consistent with hyperthyroidism. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and is an autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland is overactive. This condition can lead to an increased production of thyroid hormones, resulting in symptoms such as rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), unintended weight loss, and tremors. In contrast, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder that causes hypothyroidism, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, which typically presents with symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue. Thyroid nodules are growths within the thyroid gland that can sometimes be associated with overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism) thyroid function, but they do not
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A patient with chronic kidney disease is prescribed erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) to manage anemia. Which laboratory parameter should be monitored closely during ESA therapy?
- A. Serum potassium
- B. Serum creatinine
- C. Hemoglobin
- D. Platelet count
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) are prescribed to manage anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Monitoring the hemoglobin level closely during ESA therapy is crucial to ensure that the treatment is effective in increasing red blood cell production without causing excessive elevation. Hemoglobin levels should be checked regularly to adjust the ESA dosage accordingly and prevent risks associated with high hematocrit levels, such as increasing blood viscosity and cardiovascular events. Monitoring serum potassium, creatinine, and platelet count are important in the management of chronic kidney disease for different reasons, but for ESA therapy, monitoring hemoglobin is the most essential parameter.
Which of the following dental conditions is characterized by the abnormal wearing away of tooth structure due to factors such as bruxism or acidic erosion?
- A. Dental caries
- B. Attrition
- C. Abrasion
- D. Erosion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Attrition is the dental condition characterized by the abnormal wearing away of tooth structure due to factors such as bruxism (grinding or clenching of teeth) or acidic erosion. Bruxism can cause tooth-to-tooth contact that leads to the wearing down of the tooth enamel and eventually can affect deeper layers of the tooth. Acidic erosion, on the other hand, is caused by the direct contact of teeth with acidic substances, which can lead to the gradual loss of tooth structure over time. Dental caries refers to tooth decay caused by bacteria, abrasion involves wearing away of tooth structure due to external factors like improper brushing habits, and erosion specifically relates to the loss of tooth structure caused by acidic substances.
Identify the causative agent of dengue fever.
- A. Fomite
- B. Bacteria
- C. Vector
- D. Virus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The causative agent of dengue fever is a virus. Dengue fever is primarily transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These mosquitoes act as vectors, carrying and transmitting the dengue virus (specifically four closely related but antigenically different serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) to humans during the feeding process. The virus then replicates in the human body, causing symptoms of dengue fever. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Virus.
A patient presents with a pruritic, erythematous rash with scaly plaques and satellite papules and pustules in the inguinal folds and gluteal cleft. The patient reports recent antibiotic use for a urinary tract infection. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Candidiasis (cutaneous candidiasis)
- B. Tinea cruris (jock itch)
- C. Erythrasma
- D. Intertrigo
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presentation described indicates a candidal infection, which commonly occurs in warm, moist body areas like inguinal folds and gluteal cleft. The pruritic, erythematous rash with scaly plaques and satellite papules and pustules is characteristic of cutaneous candidiasis. The recent antibiotic use for urinary tract infection likely disrupted the normal skin flora, predisposing the patient to a Candida overgrowth. Tinea cruris (jock itch) can also present similarly, but the presence of satellite papules and pustules is more indicative of candidiasis. Erythrasma typically presents as well-defined brown-red patches without satellite lesions, and intertrigo is a more generic term referring to inflammation of skin folds that can have various causes, including candidiasis.
Bioethical issue should be describe as _____.
- A. the withholding of food and treatment at the request of the patient in a written advance directive given before a patient acquired permanent brain damage from an accident
- B. the physician's making all decisions of client management without getting input from the patient
- C. after the patient gives permission, the physician's disclosing all information to the family for this support in the management of the patient
- D. a research project that included treating all regular employed personnel and not treating all casual employed to compare the outcome of specific drug therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The bioethical issue described in option A revolves around the concept of advance directives. Advance directives are legal documents that outline a person's wishes regarding medical treatment in the event that they are unable to communicate those wishes themselves. In this scenario, the issue pertains to the withholding of food and treatment based on a written advance directive that was made before the patient suffered permanent brain damage. This raises important ethical considerations about respecting a patient's autonomy and adhering to their previously expressed wishes, even in difficult circumstances. The decision to withhold treatment in such a situation is a complex bioethical issue that needs to be handled carefully while balancing the principles of autonomy and beneficence.