Nokea
Which form of human plague is present with high fever and large lymphadenopathies (buboes). The case fatality in untreated cases may reach 60%.
- A. Bubonic plague
- B. Pneumonic plague
- C. Gastrointestinal plague
- D. Septicemic plague
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bubonic plague. Bubonic plague is characterized by high fever and large swollen lymph nodes (buboes). The case fatality rate in untreated cases can reach 60%. This form of plague is typically transmitted through the bite of an infected flea.
B: Pneumonic plague presents with respiratory symptoms and is transmitted through respiratory droplets.
C: Gastrointestinal plague is not a recognized form of plague.
D: Septicemic plague is a severe form of plague where the bacteria multiply in the bloodstream. It may not always present with buboes.
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Which bacteria is known for causing a disease characterized by a pseudomembrane in the throat?
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Bordetella pertussis
- C. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- D. Streptococcus pyogenes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This bacterium causes diphtheria, a disease characterized by a pseudomembrane in the throat. This pseudomembrane is a result of the bacterial exotoxins causing inflammation and necrosis of the throat tissues. Clostridium tetani (A) causes tetanus, characterized by muscle stiffness, not a pseudomembrane in the throat. Bordetella pertussis (B) causes whooping cough, with symptoms of severe coughing fits but no pseudomembrane. Streptococcus pyogenes (D) causes strep throat, but does not produce a pseudomembrane.
Antibiotics are distributed into following groups:
- A. Blockaders of protein synthesis
- B. Blockaders of cell wall synthesis
- C. Alternators of bacterial cytoplasm
- D. Nothing from above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blockaders of protein synthesis because antibiotics in this group target bacterial ribosomes, preventing protein synthesis. This disrupts bacterial growth and replication. Choice B is incorrect as cell wall synthesis inhibitors target a different bacterial component. Choice C is incorrect as antibiotics do not alter bacterial cytoplasm. Choice D is incorrect as antibiotics do fall into different categories based on their mechanism of action.
The structure used for bacterial motility is:
- A. Fimbriae
- B. Capsule
- C. Flagella
- D. Pili
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Flagella. Flagella are the structures used for bacterial motility, allowing bacteria to move towards or away from stimuli. They are long, whip-like appendages that rotate to propel the bacteria. Fimbriae (A) are short, hair-like structures used for attachment, not movement. Capsules (B) are protective layers surrounding bacteria. Pili (D) are used for adherence and conjugation, not motility. In summary, flagella are specifically designed for bacterial movement, making them the correct choice.
The generation time of bacteria refers to:
- A. The time for DNA replication
- B. The time for a cell to divide and double in number
- C. The time for spore formation
- D. The time for toxin production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The generation time of bacteria refers to the time for a cell to divide and double in number. This is because the generation time is the period required for one bacterial cell to undergo binary fission and divide into two identical daughter cells. This process involves DNA replication, followed by cell division, resulting in an increase in the number of bacterial cells.
Incorrect choices:
A: The time for DNA replication - While DNA replication is a crucial part of bacterial growth and reproduction, it does not solely define the generation time.
C: The time for spore formation - Spore formation is a specific process in certain bacteria and is not synonymous with the generation time.
D: The time for toxin production - Toxin production is an independent process in bacteria and does not directly relate to the generation time.
The causative agent of tuberculosis is:
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Bacillus anthracis
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, as it specifically infects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. Mycobacterium leprae (Choice A) causes leprosy, not tuberculosis. Bacillus anthracis (Choice C) causes anthrax, not tuberculosis. Staphylococcus aureus (Choice D) is a common bacterium known for causing skin infections, not tuberculosis. Therefore, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the correct answer for the causative agent of tuberculosis.