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Which from vital statistics records is useful to community health nurses? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Relatively early age of death may suggest a new pathogen in the community
- B. Divorce rate, suggesting whether children will need additional services
- C. Stability of marriages, making family structure become obvious
- D. Indication of whether the total population is growing or declining
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vital statistics record births, marriages, divorce, adoptions, and deaths in the community. Useful information would include conditions of birth, such as congenital malformations from the birth records. Death records suggest local mortality and morbidity trends. Overall growth or decline in the community's population can be seen. Options A, B, and F, while potentially informative, are not directly cited as primary uses of vital statistics in this context.
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Which of the following is an example of an upstream intervention in public health?
- A. Advocating for policies that limit the availability of junk food in schools
- B. Providing education on the benefits of healthy eating
- C. Offering free nutritional counseling in the community
- D. Providing free fruits and vegetables at local food banks
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because advocating for policies that limit the availability of junk food in schools is an example of an upstream intervention in public health. Upstream interventions focus on preventing health issues at the population level by addressing the root causes. Limiting the availability of junk food in schools addresses the environmental factor contributing to poor dietary habits, therefore promoting healthier choices.
Choices B, C, and D are not examples of upstream interventions as they focus more on individual-level interventions such as education, counseling, and access to healthy foods, rather than addressing the broader societal factors that influence health outcomes.
Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention for individuals living with chronic illness?
- A. Providing early detection screenings for diseases
- B. Offering physical rehabilitation services
- C. Encouraging regular exercise to prevent obesity
- D. Advocating for healthier lifestyle changes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Offering physical rehabilitation services. Tertiary prevention focuses on managing and improving the quality of life for individuals already living with chronic illness. Physical rehabilitation helps individuals regain function, mobility, and independence, which are crucial aspects of managing chronic conditions. Early detection screenings (A) are part of primary prevention, while encouraging regular exercise (C) and advocating for healthier lifestyle changes (D) are part of secondary prevention to prevent the onset or progression of chronic illness.
A nurse who is providing education spends more time being quiet than giving information. Which best explains this behavior?
- A. The nurse had previously reviewed the day's material.
- B. The nurse is demonstrating respect for the participants.
- C. The nurse is encouraging group discussion.
- D. The nurse is listening to the group's dialogue to identify problems.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The exchange of ideas and concerns creates a problem-posing dialogue and identifies root problems or generative themes. The group members themselves create relevant action plans that are congruent with their own reality. Therefore to be effective, the nurse must listen to ensure that teaching reflects what the group wants to learn. Demonstrating respect, encouraging group discussion, and being prepared are all important roles of the nurse, but the reason why the nurse is quiet is to listen and understand the issues the group faces.
The nurse is conducting a community assessment using the epidemiological triangle. Which of the following would be considered the host in this model?
- A. Environmental factors that contribute to health issues
- B. The health care system available to the community
- C. The community members who are affected by health problems
- D. The pathogens that cause disease in the community
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The host in the epidemiological triangle represents the individual or group affected by the health issue.
2. In this scenario, the community members who are affected by health problems are the host.
3. They play a critical role in the transmission and progression of diseases within the community.
Summary of incorrect choices:
- A: Environmental factors are part of the environment component of the triangle, not the host.
- B: The health care system is not the host but can influence disease transmission and healthcare access.
- D: Pathogens are part of the agent component of the triangle, not the host.
Which of the following is the best method for determining the health needs of a community?
- A. Conducting a needs assessment survey
- B. Reviewing local health statistics
- C. Interviewing community leaders
- D. Observing community behaviors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Conducting a needs assessment survey. This method allows for systematic data collection from a diverse sample of community members, providing a comprehensive understanding of health needs. It ensures a holistic approach, considering various perspectives and demographics. Survey results can identify key health issues, prioritize interventions, and guide resource allocation effectively.
Reviewing local health statistics (B) may not capture the nuances of community needs. Interviewing community leaders (C) may not represent the entire community. Observing behaviors (D) alone may not provide insights into underlying health issues. Conducting a needs assessment survey is the most inclusive and evidence-based method for determining community health needs.