Nokea
Which gland of the endocrine system secretes a hormone that assists with the sleep/wake cycle?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Pineal
- C. Pancreas
- D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is the Pineal gland. The Pineal gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin, which plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep/wake cycle in response to exposure to light. The Pituitary gland (Choice A) secretes various hormones but not specifically related to the sleep/wake cycle. The Pancreas (Choice C) secretes insulin and digestive enzymes, not hormones related to the sleep/wake cycle. The Hypothalamus (Choice D) is involved in regulating many bodily functions, including hormone secretion, but it does not directly secrete the hormone that regulates the sleep/wake cycle.
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Intermittent fevers are:
- A. fevers which come and go.
- B. fevers which rise and fall but are always considered above the patient's average temperature.
- C. fevers which fluctuate more than three degrees and never return to normal.
- D. None of the above.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Intermittent fevers are characterized by periods of fever followed by periods of normal body temperature. They alternate between being febrile and afebrile. Continuous fevers show minimal fluctuations over a 24-hour period, while remittent fevers fluctuate significantly but do return to normal body temperature. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes intermittent fevers. Choices B and C are incorrect as they do not fully capture the defining characteristic of intermittent fevers, which involve cyclical episodes of fever and normal temperature. Choice D is incorrect as there is a specific definition for intermittent fevers.
A patient's nursing diagnosis is Insomnia. The desired outcome is: 'Patient will sleep for a minimum of 5 hours nightly by October 31.' On November 1, a review of the sleep data shows the patient sleeps an average of 4 hours nightly and takes a 2-hour afternoon nap. Which evaluation should be documented?
- A. Consistently demonstrated
- B. Often demonstrated
- C. Sometimes demonstrated
- D. Never demonstrated
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Never demonstrated.' Despite the patient sleeping a total of 6 hours daily, it is not achieved in one uninterrupted session at night as per the desired outcome. The patient's habit of taking a 2-hour afternoon nap also affects the evaluation. Therefore, the outcome should be evaluated as 'Never demonstrated.'
Choice A, 'Consistently demonstrated,' is incorrect because the desired outcome of sleeping for a minimum of 5 hours nightly in one session is not met.
Choice B, 'Often demonstrated,' is incorrect as the patient's sleep pattern does not consistently align with the desired outcome.
Choice C, 'Sometimes demonstrated,' is also incorrect as the patient's sleep pattern does not meet the specific criteria set in the desired outcome.
The nurse is developing a plan of care for an infant after surgical intervention for imperforate anus. The nurse should include in the plan that which position is the most appropriate one for the infant in the postoperative period?
- A. Prone position
- B. Supine with no head elevation
- C. Side-lying with the legs extended
- D. Supine with the head elevated 45 degrees
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most appropriate position for an infant after surgical intervention for imperforate anus is the prone position. Placing the infant in a prone position helps keep the hips elevated, reducing edema and pressure on the surgical site. This position promotes optimal healing and comfort for the infant. Option B, supine with no head elevation, does not provide the necessary elevation to reduce pressure on the surgical site. Option C, side-lying with the legs extended, does not offer the same benefits as the prone position in terms of reducing pressure on the surgical site. Option D, supine with the head elevated 45 degrees, does not specifically address the need for hip elevation to prevent pressure on the surgical site. Therefore, the correct choice is the prone position for this postoperative care scenario.
Over a patient's lifespan, how does the pulse rate change?
- A. starts out fast and decreases as the patient ages.
- B. starts out slower and increases as the patient ages.
- C. varies from slow to fast throughout the lifespan.
- D. stays consistent from birth to death.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is that the pulse rate starts out fast and decreases as the patient ages. In infants, the normal pulse rate is around 140 beats per minute, which then falls to an average of 80 beats per minute in adults. As individuals age, their pulse rate tends to decrease due to changes in cardiovascular function. Choice B is incorrect as the pulse rate typically decreases with age, rather than increases. Choice C is incorrect as there is a general trend of decreasing pulse rate as individuals age, rather than a continuous variation. Choice D is incorrect as the pulse rate does change over a patient's lifespan, starting fast in infants and decreasing as they age.
Which of the following bony landmarks is described as a large, blunt, irregularly shaped process found on the lateral aspect of the proximal femur?
- A. Tubercle
- B. Tuberosity
- C. Condyle
- D. Trochanter
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Trochanter. The Greater Trochanter is located on the lateral aspect of the proximal femur and is a large, blunt, irregularly shaped bony process. It serves as an important attachment site for many muscles of the legs, providing leverage and movement. Choice A, Tubercle, is a small rounded projection, usually for the attachment of a ligament or tendon. Choice B, Tuberosity, is a large rounded projection, also typically for muscle attachment. Choice C, Condyle, refers to a rounded articular surface at the end of a bone, usually involved in joints.