Nokea
Which hormone deficiency can lead to stunted growth and developmental delays in children?
- A. Estrogen
- B. Testosterone
- C. Growth hormone
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Growth hormone. Growth hormone plays a crucial role in stimulating growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in children. A deficiency in growth hormone can lead to stunted growth and developmental delays. Estrogen and testosterone are sex hormones that do not directly influence growth in the same way as growth hormone. Insulin primarily regulates blood sugar levels and is not the primary hormone responsible for growth and development in children.
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What are Merkel cells, located in the epidermis, specialized for?
- A. Melanin production
- B. Temperature sensation
- C. Touch perception
- D. Immune defense
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Merkel cells are specialized touch receptors located in the epidermis of the skin. Their primary function is to perceive light touch and pressure. They play a crucial role in the sensory perception of touch stimuli. Option A, melanin production, is incorrect because Merkel cells are not involved in producing melanin. Option B, temperature sensation, is incorrect as Merkel cells are not specialized for sensing temperature. Option D, immune defense, is also incorrect as Merkel cells do not have a role in immune defense mechanisms.
Which of the following is NOT a major division of the nervous system?
- A. Peripheral nervous system
- B. Central nervous system
- C. Somatic nervous system
- D. Autonomic nervous system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Somatic nervous system. The major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside of the central nervous system. The somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and reflexes, is a part of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is another subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. Therefore, the somatic nervous system is not a major division of the nervous system, making it the correct answer.
Which muscles play a significant role in the process of forced exhalation by contracting to reduce the thoracic cavity volume?
- A. Diaphragm
- B. External intercostal muscles
- C. Internal intercostal muscles
- D. Abdominal muscles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The abdominal muscles play a significant role in forced exhalation by contracting to reduce the thoracic cavity volume. When these muscles contract, the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases, assisting in the expulsion of air from the lungs. This action helps to compress the abdomen and push the diaphragm upwards, further decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and aiding in the exhalation process. The diaphragm (Choice A) is mainly involved in inhalation by contracting and moving downward to increase thoracic cavity volume. External intercostal muscles (Choice B) and internal intercostal muscles (Choice C) are primarily involved in the process of inhalation by expanding the thoracic cavity during normal breathing, rather than forced exhalation.
In the K-capture process, a type of electron capture, from which electron shell does the electron get captured?
- A. The outermost s-orbital
- B. An inner p-orbital
- C. An inner d-orbital
- D. Any available electron shell
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The K-capture process involves the capture of an electron from the innermost electron shell, known as the K-shell. The K-shell comprises s and p orbitals. During the K-capture process, an electron is specifically captured from an inner p-orbital within the K-shell. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because K-capture involves capturing an electron from the innermost shell (K-shell) which consists of s and p orbitals, not the outermost s-orbital, inner d-orbital, or any available electron shell.
What is the main component of sweat?
- A. Urea
- B. Glucose
- C. Water
- D. Electrolytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: - Sweat is primarily composed of water, making up the majority of its content. Water helps regulate body temperature by evaporating from the skin's surface, which cools the body down.
- While sweat does contain small amounts of other substances like urea, glucose, and electrolytes, water is the main component that is secreted by sweat glands to help regulate body temperature during physical activity or in response to heat.