Nokea
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
- A. insulin
- B. testosterone
- C. melatonin
- D. epinephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is melatonin (Choice C). The pineal gland is responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Insulin (Choice A) is produced by the pancreas and regulates blood sugar levels. Testosterone (Choice B) is primarily produced by the testes in males and in smaller amounts by the ovaries in females. Epinephrine (Choice D) is produced by the adrenal glands and is involved in the body's fight-or-flight response.
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Which aspect of a biological system explains why a protein's unique shape determines what it does?
- A. Patterns of Inheritance.
- B. Taxonomy.
- C. Structure and function.
- D. Scientific method.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct because structure and function are closely related in biology. A protein's unique shape determines its function due to the specific arrangement of amino acids, influencing its interactions with other molecules. A and B are irrelevant to the relationship between a protein's shape and its function. The scientific method is a process for conducting experiments, not directly related to the physical properties of proteins.
In the human life cycle, only sperm and eggs have which number of chromosomes?
- A. Diploid
- B. Polyploid
- C. Monoploid
- D. Haploid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In humans, sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes (23) compared to diploid cells (46). This reduction in chromosome number is essential for sexual reproduction, allowing the formation of a diploid zygote upon fertilization. Haploid cells carry only one set of chromosomes, which is necessary for genetic diversity and the fusion of genetic material during fertilization.
Which set is correctly listed from largest to smallest group?
- A. Genus, order, species, phylum.
- B. Phylum, order, genus, species.
- C. Order, phylum, species, genus.
- D. Species, order, phylum, genus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Which of the following is a benefit of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of water? (Select one that doesn't apply.)
- A. Water has a relatively high specific heat value.
- B. Water has strong cohesive and adhesive properties.
- C. Polarity of water allows it to act as a versatile solvent.
- D. Water moves from higher to lower concentrations.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in water leads to various unique properties. Options A, B, and C are benefits of this bonding. Water's high specific heat value allows it to resist temperature changes, which is advantageous for temperature regulation in organisms. The strong cohesive and adhesive properties of water contribute to capillary action and surface tension, essential in biological systems. Additionally, water's polarity enables it to dissolve a wide range of substances, making it a versatile solvent. Option D, 'Water moves from higher to lower concentrations,' is not a direct benefit of intermolecular hydrogen bonding of water. Instead, it describes the process of osmosis, which is driven by differences in solute concentrations rather than hydrogen bonding.
What is a characteristic of epithelial cells?
- A. Polarized
- B. Neutral
- C. Larger than other cells
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Epithelial cells are polarized, meaning they have distinct apical and basal surfaces with different functions. This polarity is important for their specialized roles in absorption, secretion, and protection. Therefore, the correct answer is A: 'Polarized.' Choices B and C are incorrect as epithelial cells are not neutral and are not necessarily larger than other cells. Choice D is incorrect as epithelial cells do have specific characteristics.