Nokea
Which hormone, produced by the ovaries, is responsible for the development of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle and supports early pregnancy?
- A. Estrogen
- B. Progesterone
- C. Testosterone
- D. Prolactin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Progesterone, produced by the ovaries, is responsible for the development of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle and supports early pregnancy. While estrogen also plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle, progesterone is specifically known for its role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining the uterine lining. Testosterone is primarily a male sex hormone and not directly involved in these processes. Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly associated with milk production and not related to the development of the uterine lining or early pregnancy.
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What cellular process ensures the accurate transmission of genetic material during cell division?
- A. Mitosis (somatic cell division)
- B. Meiosis (germ cell division)
- C. Replication (DNA duplication)
- D. Transcription (DNA to RNA conversion)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitosis is the correct answer. Mitosis is the process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, the genetic material is accurately replicated and distributed to ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. This process is crucial for growth, repair, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the type of cell division that occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sperm and egg cells), focusing on genetic diversity through recombination and reduction of chromosome number. Replication is the process of copying DNA to produce an identical copy, essential for cell division but not the specific process ensuring accurate genetic material transmission. Transcription involves copying DNA into RNA, crucial for gene expression but not directly related to the accurate transmission of genetic material during cell division.
What is the technical term for the involuntary muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract?
- A. Segmentation
- B. Peristalsis
- C. Chylification
- D. Emulsification
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Peristalsis is the term used to describe the involuntary muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract. This process involves rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the muscles in the digestive system, which help propel food from the esophagus to the stomach and through the intestines for digestion and absorption of nutrients. Segmentation refers to the mixing movements in the intestines that aid in the absorption of nutrients but is not the term for the movement of food through the digestive tract. Chylification is not a recognized term in digestive physiology. Emulsification is the process of breaking down fat globules into smaller droplets to aid in digestion, not the movement of food through the digestive tract.
Photons, the basic unit of light, are:
- A. Charged particles
- B. Packets of energy with wave-particle duality
- C. Electromagnetic waves only
- D. Always absorbed by matter
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Photons are not charged particles; they are packets of energy that exhibit wave-particle duality, meaning they can behave as both particles and waves. While photons are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, they are not electromagnetic waves themselves but rather discrete energy packets. They are not always absorbed by matter; they can be reflected, transmitted, or scattered.
Muscles that work in opposition to each other, producing opposing movements, are called:
- A. Synergists
- B. Antagonists
- C. Agonists
- D. Fixators
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Antagonist muscles are pairs of muscles that work in opposition to each other, producing opposing movements. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes to allow the movement to occur smoothly. Synergists are muscles that work together to create a movement, not in opposition. Agonists are muscles primarily responsible for producing a specific movement, not opposing each other. Fixators are muscles that stabilize joints to allow other movements to take place, providing a stable base for muscle actions but do not produce opposing movements.
What is the term for the distance between the center of a lens or curved mirror and its focal point?
- A. Aperture
- B. Focal length
- C. Refractive index
- D. Lens thickness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Focal length. Focal length is the distance between the center of a lens or curved mirror and its focal point. It determines how strongly the lens converges or diverges light, affecting the image formation. Aperture, choice A, refers to the opening through which light enters the lens, controlling the amount of light passing through. Refractive index, choice C, measures how much light bends when passing through a medium, affecting the speed of light. Lens thickness, choice D, is the physical dimension of the lens, influencing optical properties and compatibility with frames.