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Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, is released in response to low blood sugar levels and stimulates the release of glucose into the bloodstream?
- A. Insulin
- B. Glucagon
- C. Cortisol
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glucagon is the hormone produced by the pancreas that is released in response to low blood sugar levels. It acts to stimulate the release of glucose into the bloodstream by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Insulin, conversely, is released in response to high blood sugar levels and promotes the uptake of glucose by cells. Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates metabolism and the immune response. Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism but is not involved in responding to low blood sugar levels.
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What is the formula for calculating molarity?
- A. M = n/V
- B. M = n/L
- C. M = mol/L
- D. M = mol/dm³
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct formula for calculating molarity is M = n/V. In this formula, 'M' represents molarity, 'n' represents the number of moles of solute, and 'V' represents the volume of the solution in liters. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, hence the ratio of moles to volume. Choice B, 'M = n/L', is incorrect because 'L' should represent liters instead of the number of moles. Choice C, 'M = mol/L', is incorrect as it does not include the representation of the number of moles 'n'. Choice D, 'M = mol/dm³', is incorrect because 'dm³' is a volume unit equal to a liter, but the correct representation should be in terms of the volume of the solution in liters. Therefore, the correct answer is M = n/V.
What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image formed by a lens?
- A. Real images can be projected onto a screen, while virtual images cannot.
- B. Real images are always upright, while virtual images can be inverted.
- C. Real images are formed by converging lenses, while virtual images are formed by diverging lenses.
- D. All of the above are true.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Real images can be projected onto a screen because they are formed by the actual convergence of light rays, while virtual images cannot be projected onto a screen as they appear to diverge from a point behind the lens. Real and virtual images do not have a consistent orientation (upright or inverted), so option B is incorrect. Real images are formed by both converging and diverging lenses depending on the specific scenario, so option C is not a definitive distinction. Option D is incorrect as not all the statements are true. Therefore, the only accurate general distinction between real and virtual images is that real images can be projected onto a screen, while virtual images cannot.
What is the primary function of hematopoietic tissue?
- A. Building and repairing bone
- B. Supporting and connecting tissues
- C. Production of blood cells
- D. Contracting for movement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of hematopoietic tissue is the production of blood cells. Hematopoietic tissue, primarily found in the bone marrow, is responsible for generating red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells are vital for oxygen transport, immune response, and blood clotting. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not reflect the main function of hematopoietic tissue. Building and repairing bone is primarily carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, supporting and connecting tissues is a role of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments, and contracting for movement is a function of muscle tissue.
Decomposers in an ecosystem play a vital role by:
- A. Photosynthesizing and producing organic matter
- B. Breaking down dead organisms and returning nutrients to the environment
- C. Preying on herbivores and controlling their populations
- D. Fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere and making it available to plants
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, into simpler substances. By doing so, they help to recycle nutrients back into the environment, making them available for other organisms to use. This process is essential for the functioning of ecosystems, as it ensures that nutrients are not lost but instead are continuously cycled through the ecosystem. Photosynthesis (option A) is the process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, and it is not a role of decomposers. Preying on herbivores (option C) is a role typically carried out by predators, not decomposers. Fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere (option D) is a process carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, not decomposers.
What is the medical term for heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest caused by stomach acid?
- A. Dysphagia
- B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
- C. Peptic ulcer
- D. Ulcerative colitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A) Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing and is not specifically related to heartburn. B) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the medical term for heartburn, which is a burning sensation in the chest caused by stomach acid flowing back up into the esophagus. C) Peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus, and it can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, not specifically heartburn. D) Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon and rectum, and it does not typically cause heartburn.