Nokea
Which immunoglobulin is the principal one found in secretions such as milk?
- A. IgG
- B. IgM
- C. IgA
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgA. IgA is the principal immunoglobulin found in secretions like milk due to its role in mucosal immunity. IgG is mainly found in the blood and provides systemic immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response. IgD is primarily found on the surface of B cells and is involved in B cell activation. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions, making it the principal one found in milk.
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Compared to naïve T cells, memory T cells:
- A. Take less time to become activated
- B. Have less need for costimulation during activation
- C. Have a much longer life span
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Memory T cells, compared to naïve T cells, take less time to become activated as they have previously encountered the antigen. They also have less need for costimulation during activation due to their enhanced sensitivity. Furthermore, memory T cells have a much longer life span, allowing for a more rapid and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the antigen. Therefore, all of the statements in choices A, B, and C are correct, making option D the correct answer.
What are the important functions of cell-mediated immunity (select all that apply)?
- A. Fungal infections
- B. Transfusion reactions
- C. Rejection of transplanted tissues
- D. Immunity against pathogens that survive outside cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cell-mediated immunity targets intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and fungi, and is critical in transplant rejection and certain hypersensitivity reactions.
Cardiac output
- A. coronary insufficient circulation
- B. A defect in one or more heart valves
- C. Disorder in a heartbeat
- D. Amount of blood/minute pumped into systemic circuit
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart into the systemic circulation per minute. It is a crucial measure of heart function. Option A, coronary insufficient circulation, specifically refers to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle itself, not overall cardiac output. Option B, a defect in heart valves, would affect the efficiency of blood flow but not necessarily the total amount of blood pumped. Option C, a disorder in heart rhythm, relates to irregular heartbeat patterns rather than the volume of blood pumped. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it directly relates to the definition of cardiac output.
The nurse is reinforcing teaching to a person being tested for HIV in a clinic. Which test should the nurse explain is done first in HIV testing?
- A. ELISA test
- B. Western blot test
- C. Viral load studies
- D. Rheumatoid factor test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ELISA test. The ELISA test is typically the initial screening test for HIV due to its high sensitivity in detecting HIV antibodies. It is cost-effective and quick. Western blot test is a confirmatory test used if ELISA is positive. Viral load studies monitor the progression of the disease but are not typically done first. Rheumatoid factor test is unrelated to HIV testing. Therefore, the ELISA test is the most appropriate initial step in HIV testing.
What term describes the increased affinity of antibodies during a secondary response?
- A. Isotype switching
- B. Affinity maturation
- C. Somatic recombination
- D. Clonal expansion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Affinity maturation. During a secondary immune response, B cells undergo somatic hypermutation, leading to the production of antibodies with higher affinity for the antigen. This process occurs in germinal centers within secondary lymphoid organs. Isotype switching (A) refers to the change in antibody class but not affinity. Somatic recombination (C) is the process of creating diverse antibody repertoires. Clonal expansion (D) involves the proliferation of antigen-specific B cells but does not directly address affinity enhancement.