Nokea
Which of the following about Influenza virus is NOT correct
- A. It's an RNA virus
- B. In humans influenza infects the lung epithelial cells
- C. Release of newly formed virus from the infected cell is mediated by Hemagglutinin (HA)
- D. Tamiflu is a Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the release of newly formed virus from the infected cell is actually mediated by Neuraminidase (NA), not Hemagglutinin (HA).
1. Influenza virus is indeed an RNA virus (Choice A).
2. In humans, influenza primarily infects lung epithelial cells (Choice B).
3. Hemagglutinin (HA) helps the virus enter host cells, while Neuraminidase (NA) helps release viral particles from infected cells (Choice C is incorrect).
4. Tamiflu is a Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor, which prevents the release of viral particles, aiding in the treatment of influenza infections (Choice D).
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TLR-3 detects viruses found in:
- A. Cytosol
- B. Extracellular space
- C. Endosomes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TLR-3 detects viruses in endosomes. When a virus enters a host cell, it is often engulfed into endosomes. TLR-3 recognizes viral RNA within endosomes and triggers an immune response. Choices A and B are incorrect because TLR-3 does not detect viruses in the cytosol or extracellular space. Choice D is incorrect because TLR-3 specifically functions in endosomes to detect viral RNA.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase catalyzed reactions produce fragments with
- A. poly A or poly C tails
- B. poly C tails
- C. poly A tails
- D. poly A or poly T tail
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) adds nucleotides to the 3' end of DNA fragments in a template-independent manner. This results in the production of fragments with poly A or poly C tails. TdT does not add poly T tails, making option D incorrect. It also does not specifically add only poly C tails (option B) or poly A tails (option C). The addition of poly A or poly C tails by TdT is essential for techniques like DNA sequencing and PCR, where these tails are utilized for downstream applications.
The nurse is reinforcing teaching to a person who has tested positive for HIV. Which test should the nurse explain is done to confirm the diagnosis of HIV?
- A. Western blot
- B. Rheumatoid factor
- C. Antinuclear antibodies
- D. Immunoglobulin assay
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Western blot. This test is used to confirm the diagnosis of HIV by detecting specific antibodies produced in response to the virus. It is considered the gold standard for confirming HIV infection due to its high specificity and sensitivity. The other choices (B, C, D) are not used to diagnose HIV. Rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies are tests for autoimmune conditions, while immunoglobulin assay measures levels of antibodies in the blood, not specific to HIV.
Why don't we have a successful HIV vaccine?
- A. The high mutation rate of HIV interferes with the generation of a protective memory response
- B. Because it is difficult to induce mucosal immunity that would block the sexual transmission of the virus
- C. Because HIV targets immune cells
- D. All of the above represent challenges for the creation of an effective HIV vaccine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the statements in choices A, B, and C are valid reasons why we don't have a successful HIV vaccine.
A: HIV has a high mutation rate, making it challenging to generate a protective memory response.
B: Inducing mucosal immunity is difficult to block sexual transmission, a common route of HIV infection.
C: HIV targets immune cells, which hinders the immune system's ability to mount an effective response.
Therefore, all these factors combined pose significant challenges for creating an effective HIV vaccine.
Priority Decision: The patient with advanced cancer is having difficulty controlling her pain. She says she is afraid she will become addicted to the opioids. What is the first thing the nurse should do for this patient?
- A. Administer a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
- B. Assess the patient’s vital signs and behavior to determine the medication to use
- C. Have the patient keep a pain diary to better assess the patient’s potential addiction
- D. Obtain a detailed pain history including quality,location intensity duration and type of pain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A detailed pain history helps tailor pain management strategies and alleviates concerns about addiction.