Nokea
Which of the following antibodies indicates acute measles infection
- A. Anti-mumps IgM
- B. Anti-rubella IgM
- C. Anti-measles IgM
- D. Anti-CMV IgM
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Anti-measles IgM. During acute measles infection, the body produces IgM antibodies specific to the measles virus. This indicates a recent or current infection.
A: Anti-mumps IgM and B: Anti-rubella IgM are specific to mumps and rubella viruses, respectively, not measles.
D: Anti-CMV IgM is specific to cytomegalovirus, not measles.
In summary, choice C is correct because Anti-measles IgM is the specific antibody indicating acute measles infection, while the other choices are antibodies related to different viruses.
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The key function of bacterial capsules is:
- A. facilitating motility
- B. resisting phagocytosis
- C. synthesizing DNA
- D. producing energy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: resisting phagocytosis. Bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharides that help bacteria evade phagocytosis by immune cells. This physical barrier prevents immune cells from engulfing and destroying the bacteria. Facilitating motility (A), synthesizing DNA (C), and producing energy (D) are not primary functions of bacterial capsules. Motility is usually facilitated by flagella, DNA synthesis occurs in the bacterial chromosome, and energy production is typically carried out by metabolic processes within the bacterial cell.
The causative agent of the disease gas gangrene Clostridium perfringens is:
- A. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, fixed with capsule
- B. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, motile, peritrichous without capsule
- C. Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, motile, peritrichous without capsule
- D. Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium non-motile, with capsule
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, which matches the description provided. It is motile and peritrichous (having flagella all over the surface) without a capsule. This bacterium is known to cause gas gangrene due to its ability to produce toxins that destroy tissue.
Choice A is incorrect because Clostridium perfringens is Gram-positive, not Gram-negative, and it does not have a capsule. Choice B is incorrect because Clostridium perfringens is not motile and does not have flagella all over its surface. Choice D is incorrect because Clostridium perfringens is Gram-positive, not Gram-negative, and it is motile without a capsule.
After the second abortion a 23 year old woman has been diagnosed with toxoplasmosis. Which drug should be used for toxoplasmosis treatment?
- A. Co-trimoxazole
- B. Itraconazole
- C. Mebendazole
- D. Azidothimidine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Co-trimoxazole. This drug combination is the first-line treatment for toxoplasmosis due to its efficacy against Toxoplasma gondii. Co-trimoxazole consists of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, which work synergistically to inhibit bacterial and protozoal folate synthesis, effectively treating toxoplasmosis.
B: Itraconazole is an antifungal medication and not effective against toxoplasmosis.
C: Mebendazole is an anthelmintic drug used for treating parasitic worm infections, not toxoplasmosis.
D: Azidothimidine, also known as AZT, is used for treating HIV, not toxoplasmosis.
Poxviruses are the largest viruses, almost visible on a light microscope.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Not Sure
- D. Partially
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Poxviruses are indeed the largest viruses, ranging from 200-450 nm in size, which is close to the resolution limit of a light microscope. This makes them almost visible under a light microscope. The other choices are incorrect because poxviruses are not smaller or uncertain in size (choices B and C), nor are they partially visible - they are almost visible due to their relatively large size.
Which bacteria produce the diphtheria toxin?
- A. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Listeria monocytogenes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This bacterium produces the diphtheria toxin, which is responsible for causing diphtheria. The other choices, B, C, and D, are incorrect because Bacillus anthracis produces anthrax toxins, Clostridium tetani produces tetanus toxin, and Listeria monocytogenes does not produce the diphtheria toxin. Understanding the specific bacteria-toxin associations is crucial in correctly identifying the pathogen responsible for a particular disease.