Nokea
Which of the following are not part of the diabetic retinopathy that cause visual impairment in patients with diabetes?
- A. Pre proliferative retinopathy
- B. Macular oedema
- C. Proliferative retinopathy
- D. Macular degeneration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Diabetic retinopathy pre-proliferative, edema, proliferative blur eyes from sugar's vessel rot. Macular degeneration's age, not diabetes. Nurses spot this, a chronic sight split.
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There are several different transmembranous glucose transporters (Gluts). Question: Which Gluts occur most frequently in the liver and which in the pancreas?
- A. Glut 1 in the liver and Glut 2 in the pancreas
- B. Glut 2 in the liver and Glut 2 in the pancreas
- C. Glut 2 in the liver and Glut 1 in the pancreas
- D. Glut 4 in the liver and Glut 2 in the pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liver slurps glucose with Glut 2, pancreas senses it the same both lean on this transporter's flow. Glut 1's elsewhere, Glut 4's muscle-fat turf nurses know this, a chronic glucose gate map.
In the treatment of COPD:
- A. Inhaled long-acting β₂ agonists are a first-line treatment for breathlessness.
- B. Most patients require maintenance use of oral corticosteroids.
- C. The dosage of oral theophylline needs to be reduced in patients commenced on erythromycin.
- D. Long-term oxygen therapy is indicated in a stable patient with a Paâ‚“â‚‚ of 8.5 kPa.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: COPD management focuses on symptom relief and preventing exacerbations. Inhaled long-acting β₂ agonists are indeed used for breathlessness but are not always first-line; short-acting bronchodilators often precede them. Maintenance oral corticosteroids are not standard due to significant side effects; inhaled corticosteroids are preferred. Theophylline, a bronchodilator, has its metabolism inhibited by erythromycin (a CYP3A4 inhibitor), increasing plasma levels and toxicity risk, necessitating dose reduction. Long-term oxygen therapy is indicated for severe hypoxemia (Paₓ₂ < 7.3 kPa or 7.3-8 kPa with complications), not at 8.5 kPa, which is relatively normal. Non-invasive ventilation is reserved for acute exacerbations, not first-line treatment. The interaction between theophylline and erythromycin is a critical pharmacological consideration in COPD management, making it the standout correct statement.
Which of the following management activities is not part of the nursing care of a patient with COPD?
- A. Achieving airway clearance and improving breathing patterns
- B. Ensuring the patient stays in bed and does not exert themselves causing increased dyspnoea
- C. Improving activity tolerance and assisting with lifestyle modification
- D. Monitoring and managing potential complications
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: COPD nursing pushes clearance, tolerance, and complication watch active goals. Bedrest flops deconditions, worsens breathlessness, a chronic care no-no nurses dodge.
Nursing considerations that should be applied in the management of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus include:
- A. Blood glucose level monitoring before and after meals.
- B. Preventing the consumption of all high carbohydrate foods.
- C. Skin, foot, and pressure area care when hospitalised.
- D. Minimising exercise to prevent fatigue and foot ulcers.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nursing care for type 2 diabetes balances monitoring, prevention, and education. Blood glucose monitoring pre/post-meals informs insulin adjustments but isn't universally required frequency varies. Banning all high-carb foods is unrealistic; moderation via glycemic index guides diet, not prohibition. Skin, foot, and pressure area care is critical in hospital peripheral neuropathy and poor healing (e.g., Bob's case) risk ulcers and infections, needing daily inspection and protection, per standards in chronic care texts. Minimizing exercise contradicts management; activity improves insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake ulcer risk is mitigated with proper footwear, not inactivity. Foot care addresses diabetes' microvascular damage (neuropathy, angiopathy), preventing amputation, a leading morbidity, making it a priority intervention in acute settings.
Epigenetic changes play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Question: Which of the following statements about epigenetics is correct?
- A. Epigenetic modifications lead to mutations in DNA
- B. Mutations in DNA lead to epigenetic modifications
- C. Epigenetic modifications only take place at a young age
- D. None of the statements provided above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epigenetics tweaks gene dials no mutations, not from mutations, not age-locked. Diet, stress flip switches anytime, a chronic type 2 player nurses note this, no false leads fit.