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Which of the following bacteria is associated with the disease known as whooping cough?
- A. Bordetella pertussis
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: 1. Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough.
2. It secretes toxins that damage the respiratory tract.
3. Symptoms include severe coughing fits and the characteristic "whoop" sound.
4. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, not whooping cough.
5. Haemophilus influenzae causes various infections, not whooping cough.
6. Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections, not whooping cough.
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The specific antidote to botulinum toxin is:
- A. sodium bicarbonate
- B. antitoxin
- C. pralidoxime
- D. naloxone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: antitoxin. Antitoxin is the specific antidote to botulinum toxin as it helps neutralize the toxin in the body. Sodium bicarbonate (A) is used to treat acidosis, pralidoxime (C) is used for organophosphate poisoning, and naloxone (D) is used for opioid overdose. Antitoxin directly targets and counteracts the botulinum toxin, making it the appropriate antidote in cases of botulism.
Which of the following is a host-dependent bacterium?
- A. Mycoplasma
- B. Ureaplasma
- C. Rickettsia
- D. Micrococcus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Rickettsia. Rickettsia is a host-dependent bacterium because it requires living cells of a host organism to survive and replicate. This bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogen, meaning it cannot grow outside of a host cell.
A: Mycoplasma and B: Ureaplasma are not host-dependent as they can grow and reproduce in cell-free environments due to possessing their own unique cell wall structures.
D: Micrococcus is a free-living bacterium that can survive and reproduce independently without relying on a host organism.
Which of the following sites of the human body does not have a normal flora?
- A. Intestine
- B. Skin
- C. Vagina
- D. Blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blood. Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that naturally inhabit specific areas of the body. Blood is considered a sterile environment in healthy individuals, meaning it does not harbor any microorganisms under normal circumstances. In contrast, the intestine, skin, and vagina all have normal flora as they provide suitable environments for various microbial species to thrive. The presence of normal flora in these sites helps maintain a balance and protect against pathogenic invaders. Blood, being a vital and sterile fluid, is not meant to have any resident microbial populations.
There is/are __________ level(s) of biosafety depending on the organisms handled.
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (4) because biosafety levels range from 1 to 4, each corresponding to the level of containment required when handling different types of organisms. BSL-1 is for low-risk agents, while BSL-4 is for dangerous pathogens. Choice A (1) is incorrect as there are multiple levels, not just one. Choice B (2) and C (3) are incorrect as they do not account for all the levels of biosafety required for handling various organisms. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it encompasses the full range of biosafety levels.
A veterenary attendant working at a cattle farm complains of joint pain, fever, indisposition and sweating at nighttime that he has been experiencing for a month. Giving the regard to such presentations and occupational history the doctor suspected brucellosis. What material taken from this patient is to be analyzed in a common microbiological laboratory?
- A. Blood serum
- B. Spinal fluid
- C. Vomit mass
- D. Urine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood serum. In suspected cases of brucellosis, blood serum is typically analyzed in a common microbiological laboratory. This is because the bacteria causing brucellosis, Brucella species, can be detected through serological tests in the blood serum. The presence of specific antibodies against Brucella in the serum confirms the diagnosis. Spinal fluid (choice B) would be analyzed in cases of suspected central nervous system infections, which are not typical for brucellosis. Vomit mass (choice C) is not a common sample for microbiological analysis in cases of brucellosis. Urine (choice D) is not the preferred sample for detecting Brucella antibodies; blood serum is the primary choice for serological testing.