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Which of the following best describes epidemiology?
- A. The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
- B. The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems.
- C. The study of how social factors influence health outcomes.
- D. The study of how health systems and services impact population health.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because epidemiology not only focuses on studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events but also emphasizes applying this knowledge to control health problems. Choice A is incorrect because it lacks the application aspect. Choice C is incorrect as it specifically mentions social factors, which is a narrower focus than epidemiology. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses solely on health systems and services, neglecting the broader scope of epidemiology. In summary, choice B aligns with the comprehensive nature of epidemiology by encompassing both study and application aspects.
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The healthcare provider should consider the following when assessing the child for chest indrawing EXCEPT
- A. Chest indrawing should be present at all times
- B. The lower chest wall does not move in when the child breathes in
- C. The lower chest moves in when the child breathes in
- D. The child should be calm
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because chest indrawing should not be present at all times in a child. Chest indrawing is a sign of increased work of breathing and respiratory distress. Choices B and C describe the characteristic of chest indrawing accurately. Choice D is incorrect because a child in respiratory distress may not be calm. Therefore, the healthcare provider should consider all options except for choice A when assessing a child for chest indrawing.
What is the term for the first contact between community members and other levels of health facilities?
- A. Secondary level health care
- B. Tertiary level of care
- C. Primary health care
- D. Intermediate level of care
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Primary health care. Primary health care refers to the first point of contact between individuals and the healthcare system. It focuses on providing essential and accessible care to the community. This level of care emphasizes prevention, health promotion, and management of common health issues. Secondary level health care (A) and Tertiary level of care (B) are higher levels of healthcare that are accessed after primary care. Intermediate level of care (D) is not a standard term used in healthcare settings. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it aligns with the definition of the initial contact point for healthcare services.
What term refers to a systematic approach of obtaining, organizing, and analyzing numerical facts so that conclusions may be drawn from them?
- A. Vital statistics
- B. Statistics
- C. Morbidity
- D. Mortality
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Statistics. Statistics is the systematic approach of obtaining, organizing, and analyzing numerical facts to draw conclusions. Vital statistics (A) refer to data related to births, deaths, marriages, and divorces. Morbidity (C) refers to the incidence of illness in a population. Mortality (D) refers to the incidence of death in a population. Therefore, the other choices are incorrect as they do not specifically pertain to the systematic approach of analyzing numerical facts.
Which of the following is an example of a non-communicable disease?
- A. Tuberculosis
- B. Malaria
- C. Cancer
- D. Heart disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cancer. Non-communicable diseases are not transmitted from person to person and are often chronic in nature. Cancer is a non-communicable disease characterized by abnormal cell growth. Tuberculosis (A) and Malaria (B) are infectious diseases caused by bacteria and parasites, respectively, and can be transmitted between individuals. Heart disease (D) can have both genetic and lifestyle factors, but it is not communicable. In summary, cancer fits the criteria of being non-communicable, while the other choices involve transmission between individuals.
Which type of facilities are capable of performing minor surgeries and simple laboratory examinations?
- A. Secondary level health care
- B. Tertiary level of care
- C. Intermediate level of care
- D. Primary health care
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Intermediate level of care. Intermediate level facilities are capable of performing minor surgeries and simple laboratory examinations due to their higher level of resources and expertise compared to primary health care facilities. Secondary level facilities (A) provide more specialized care but may not necessarily have the capacity for minor surgeries and lab tests. Tertiary level facilities (B) offer complex and specialized treatments, typically beyond minor surgeries and simple lab examinations. Primary health care facilities (D) focus on basic healthcare services and preventive care, lacking the resources and expertise for minor surgeries and lab tests. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it aligns with the capability of providing both minor surgeries and simple laboratory examinations.