Nokea
Which of the following body systems controls fluid loss, protects deep tissues, and synthesizes vitamin D?
- A. The skeletal system
- B. The muscular system
- C. The lymphatic system
- D. The integumentary system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The integumentary system is responsible for controlling fluid loss through sweat, protecting deep tissues as the body's first line of defense, and synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. The skin, hair, nails, and associated glands make up the integumentary system, which plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health. The skeletal system (Choice A) provides structural support and protection for internal organs but does not directly control fluid loss, protect deep tissues, or synthesize vitamin D. The muscular system (Choice B) is responsible for movement and stability but is not involved in the functions described. The lymphatic system (Choice C) is primarily responsible for immunity and fluid balance, not the specific functions mentioned in the question.
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How do DNA and RNA function together as part of the human genome?
- A. DNA carries genetic information from RNA to the cell cytoplasm.
- B. RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cell cytoplasm.
- C. DNA and RNA carry genetic information from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm.
- D. DNA and RNA do not interact within the cell.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. RNA acts as a messenger carrying genetic instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized. This process is known as transcription and translation, where DNA provides the blueprint for protein synthesis, and RNA delivers this information to the cellular machinery in the cytoplasm. Choice A is incorrect as it inaccurately states that DNA carries genetic information from RNA, which is the opposite of the actual flow of information. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests that both DNA and RNA together carry genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which is not accurate. Choice D is incorrect as DNA and RNA do interact within the cell, playing crucial roles in genetic information processing and protein synthesis.
What function do genes serve in the relationship between parents and offspring?
- A. Genes enable hereditary information to be passed from parents to offspring.
- B. Genes prohibit hereditary information from being passed from parents to offspring.
- C. Genes enable environmental factors to affect parents and offspring.
- D. Genes serve no function in the relationship between parents and offspring.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Genes play a crucial role in passing hereditary information from parents to offspring, ensuring the transmission of genetic traits. This process forms the basis of inheritance and genetic continuity between generations. Choice B is incorrect as genes do not prohibit but rather facilitate the transmission of hereditary information. Choice C is incorrect because genes primarily transmit genetic information, while the influence of environmental factors is separate. Choice D is incorrect as genes are fundamental in genetic inheritance and the relationship between parents and offspring.
Which of the following is an example of the location and function of cartilage in the body?
- A. The dense connective tissue that makes up the majority of the structural skeleton
- B. The supportive pads that provide cushioning at joints, such as between the vertebrae of the spinal cord
- C. The connective structure made of fibrous collagen that connects muscles and bones
- D. The layer beneath the skin and on the outside of internal organs that provides cushioning and protection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cartilage is a type of flexible connective tissue that acts as supportive pads providing cushioning at joints, like those found between the vertebrae of the spine. This specific function of cartilage helps in reducing friction and absorbing shock in these areas, contributing to joint flexibility and protection. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe the function and location of cartilage in the body. Option A incorrectly refers to dense connective tissue, which is different from cartilage. Option C describes tendons or ligaments, which are not cartilage. Option D refers to adipose tissue, which is a type of connective tissue that stores fat and provides insulation, but it is not cartilage.
What function do ribosomes serve within the cell?
- A. Ribosomes are responsible for cell movement.
- B. Ribosomes aid in protein synthesis.
- C. Ribosomes help protect the cell from its environment.
- D. Ribosomes have enzymes that help with digestion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ribosomes serve a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating mRNA into proteins. They are not involved in cell movement, protecting the cell from the environment, or aiding in digestion. Choice A is incorrect because ribosomes are not responsible for cell movement. Choice C is incorrect because ribosomes do not primarily protect the cell from its environment. Choice D is incorrect because ribosomes do not have enzymes that aid in digestion.
Which of the following blood vessels contains the least oxygenated blood?
- A. Aorta
- B. Vena cava
- C. Pulmonary artery
- D. Femoral vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. This blood is considered the least oxygenated in the body as it has just returned from circulating through the body's tissues and is in need of oxygen replenishment. Choice A, the aorta, is incorrect as it carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Choice B, the vena cava, carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. Choice D, the femoral vein, also carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the lower extremities.