Nokea
Which of the following can be considered carcinogens?
- A. Parasites
- B. Medical procedures
- C. Dietary substances
- D. Infective genes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carcinogens include chemical agents, environmental factors, dietary substances, viruses, defective genes, and medically prescribed interventions.
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The nurse performs a breast exam on a client and finds a firm, non-moveable lump in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast that the client reports was not there 3 weeks ago. What does this finding suggest?
- A. Normal finding
- B. Benign fibrocystic disease
- C. Malignant tumor
- D. Malignant tumor with metastasis to surrounding tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A fast-growing lump is suggestive of a malignant tumor. Metastasis can only be determined by cytology, not by palpation.
Which of the following advice does the nurse offer clients who are undergoing unsealed radiation therapy to reduce exposure?
- A. Avoid drinking plenty of fluids.
- B. Avoid eating for 3 hours after therapy.
- C. Avoid applying skin moisturizers.
- D. Avoid kissing and sexual contact.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Clients who are undergoing unsealed radiation therapy are advised to avoid kissing and sexual contact due to the spread of radioactivity. Clients are encouraged to drink plenty of fluids to help flush radioactive substances. Clients may be asked to apply mild moisturizers and are not asked to avoid eating after the therapy.
The nurse is caring for a thyroid cancer client following oral radioactive iodine treatment. Which teaching point is most important?
- A. Shield your throat area when near others.'
- B. Flush the toilet several times after every use.'
- C. Prepare food separately from family members.'
- D. Use disposable utensils for the next month.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Iodine 131 is a systemic internal radiation that is excreted through body fluids, especially urine. Flushing the toilet several times after each use will avoid the exposure of others to radioactive exposure. Shielding the throat area is not effective because this form of treatment is systemic. Preparing food separately is not necessary, but the use of separate eating utensils will be necessary for the first 8 days.
A client asks the nurse what is causing the fatigue following radiotherapy. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. The cancer is spreading to other parts of the body.
- B. The cancer cells are dying in large numbers.
- C. Fighting off infection is an exhausting venture.
- D. Substances are released when tumor cells are destroyed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fatigue results from substances being released when tumor cells are destroyed during radiotherapy. The spreading of cancer can cause many symptoms dependent on location and type of cancer, but it is not a significant factor in the development of fatigue with radiotherapy. The production of healthy cells can increase metabolic rate, but death of cancer cells does not support fatigue in this case. Fighting infection can cause fatigue, but there is no evidence provided to support the presence of infection in this client.
The nurse is caring for a client who is scheduled for chemotherapy. Which is the best statement the nurse can make about the client experiencing chemotherapy-induced alopecia?
- A. The hair loss is usually temporary.'
- B. New hair growth will return without any change to color or texture.'
- C. Clients with alopecia will have delay in grey hair.'
- D. Wigs can be used after the chemotherapy is completed.'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alopecia associated with chemotherapy is usually temporary and will return after the therapy is completed. New hair growth may return unchanged, but there is no guarantee and color, texture, and quality of hair may not be changed. There is no correlation between chemotherapy and delay in greying of hair. Use of wigs, scarves, and head coverings can be used by clients at any time during treatment plan.