Nokea
Which of the following components of the fetoplacental (endocrine) unit is similar to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and stimulates T4 secretion by the maternal thyroid?
- A. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- B. Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS, hPL)
- C. IGF I and IGF II
- D. Endothelial growth factor (EGF)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) acts like TSH, stimulating T4 secretion by the maternal thyroid.
2. hCG is produced by the placenta and has a similar structure and function to TSH.
3. hCG binds to the TSH receptor on the thyroid gland, triggering T4 release.
4. Other options do not specifically target the thyroid gland for T4 secretion.
Summary:
A: hCG mimics TSH and directly stimulates T4 release.
B: hCS, hPL - involved in placental growth and lactation, not thyroid stimulation.
C: IGF I and II - growth factors, not directly related to thyroid function.
D: EGF - promotes cell growth and differentiation, not linked to thyroid hormone secretion.
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Estrogen is required for normal reproductive function in the male. Where is the principal site of estrogen synthesis in the male?
- A. Leydig cells
- B. Osteoblasts
- C. Liver cells
- D. Prostate cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The correct answer is C: Liver cells. The liver is the principal site of estrogen synthesis in the male.
2. Liver cells contain the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens into estrogens.
3. Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining normal reproductive function in males.
4. Leydig cells (Choice A) are responsible for testosterone production, not estrogen synthesis.
5. Osteoblasts (Choice B) are bone cells involved in bone formation, not estrogen synthesis.
6. Prostate cells (Choice D) are involved in prostate function, not estrogen synthesis.
Medial lower arm bone is
- A. Humerus
- B. Radius
- C. Ulna
- D. Carpals
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ulna. The ulna is the medial lower arm bone located on the pinky side. It articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint and with the radius at the wrist joint. The humerus (A) is the upper arm bone, not located in the lower arm. The radius (B) is the lateral lower arm bone, not the medial one. Carpals (D) refer to the wrist bones, not the lower arm bones. Therefore, the ulna is the correct answer as it is the specific bone that fits the description of being the medial lower arm bone.
Which factor causes the act of ovulation?
- A. blood pressure
- B. LH levels
- C. FSH levels
- D. estrogen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: LH levels. Ovulation is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, which causes the release of the mature egg from the ovary. LH surge is a key event in the menstrual cycle that leads to ovulation.
Explanation:
1. LH surge stimulates the release of the egg from the dominant follicle in the ovary.
2. This surge typically occurs around the middle of the menstrual cycle.
3. Ovulation occurs within 24-36 hours after the LH surge.
4. FSH (Choice C) is involved in follicle development but does not directly cause ovulation.
5. Estrogen (Choice D) plays a role in the menstrual cycle but does not directly trigger ovulation.
6. Blood pressure (Choice A) is not involved in the process of ovulation.
Summary: LH levels are the primary factor that causes ovulation by triggering the release of the egg from the ovary
A 67-year-old male client had serum laboratory tests performed during his annual examination. The nurse reviews his results, as
- A. specific antigen: 10 ng/mL (10 mcg/L); prolactin: 5 ng/mL (217.4 pmol). What action by the nurse is best?
- B. Assess for possible galactorrhea with breast discharg
- C. Note the possibility of a testicular tumor.
- D. Communicate that results were normal.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The nurse should communicate that the results were normal because the specific antigen and prolactin levels fall within the normal range for a 67-year-old male. Specific antigen levels around 10 ng/mL are typical for this age group, and prolactin levels of 5 ng/mL are also within normal limits. Option A is not necessary as the results are normal. Option B is incorrect as galactorrhea is not indicated by the lab results. Option C is also incorrect as there is no indication of a testicular tumor based on the lab values. Therefore, the best course of action is to inform the client that the results are normal.
We can state the following about the uterus:
- A. it is made up of corpus and cervix;
- B. the vagina is inserted on the cervix;
- C. the uterine cavity displays a mucous membrane that undergoes cyclical modifications;
- D. it has striated musculature, with longitudinal, radial and circular fibers;
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: The uterine cavity displays a mucous membrane that undergoes cyclical modifications due to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.
Step 2: This mucous membrane is essential for embryo implantation and plays a crucial role in pregnancy.
Step 3: The cyclical modifications of the mucous membrane are necessary for the shedding of the endometrium during menstruation.
Summary: Choice C is correct because it accurately describes a key function of the uterus related to the menstrual cycle. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not address the specific function of the uterine cavity and its mucous membrane modifications.