Nokea
Which of the following conditions most likely delayed the oral absorption of acetaminophen in the patient who took a large dose in aqueous solution?
- A. A moderate increase in intestinal peristalsis
- B. The presence of strong pain
- C. The administration of the drug in aqueous solution
- D. A large volume of distribution of the drug
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of strong pain can delay the absorption of acetaminophen by affecting gastric motility and absorption processes.
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Which of the following can effect drug absorption into the body?
- A. Dosage Form
- B. Site Surface area
- C. Blood flow to site of absorption
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Dosage form affects drug absorption by influencing the rate and extent of dissolution. Site surface area affects drug absorption as a larger surface area allows for more contact with the drug. Blood flow to the site of absorption impacts drug absorption by affecting the rate of delivery of the drug to systemic circulation. Therefore, all three factors (dosage form, site surface area, and blood flow) play crucial roles in drug absorption into the body.
A client with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder has begun lithium therapy. What is the primary rationale for the nurse’s instructions regarding the need for regular monitoring of the client’s serum drug levels?
- A. It is necessary to regularly test for blood–drug incompatibilities that may develop during treatment.
- B. It is necessary to ensure that the client’s drug levels are therapeutic but not toxic
- C. It is needed to determine if additional medications will be needed to potentiate the effects of lithium.
- D. It is needed in order to confirm the client’s adherence to the drug regimen.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Regular monitoring of the client's serum lithium levels is crucial to ensure that the drug levels are within a therapeutic range (not too low or too high) to effectively manage bipolar disorder. Maintaining therapeutic levels helps prevent relapse of symptoms and minimizes the risk of toxicity. Monitoring also allows for adjustments in dosage if needed.
Choice A is incorrect because blood-drug incompatibilities are not the primary reason for monitoring lithium levels. Choice C is incorrect because monitoring lithium levels is not to determine the need for additional medications. Choice D is incorrect because monitoring is not primarily to confirm adherence, although it can provide information on compliance.
Which of the following drugs has the largest volume of distribution?
- A. Drug P
- B. Drug Q
- C. Drug R
- D. Drug S
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The volume of distribution (Vd) is a pharmacokinetic parameter that indicates the extent of a drug's distribution in the body. The drug with the largest Vd will have the most extensive distribution. In this case, Drug R has the largest Vd of 100 L, indicating that it has the largest volume of distribution among the options provided.
Which of the following statements about the major distribution barriers (blood-brain or fetal-placental) is true?
- A. Water soluble and ionized drugs cross these barriers rapidly
- B. The blood-brain barrier slows the entry of many drugs into and from brain cells
- C. The fetal-placental barrier protects the fetus from drugs taken by the mother
- D. Lipid soluble drugs do not pass these barriers and are safe for pregnant women
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the blood-brain barrier is designed to restrict the passage of many drugs into and out of brain cells, regulating the entry of substances to protect the brain from harmful agents.
Explanation:
1. The blood-brain barrier is a specialized structure that tightly regulates the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain.
2. Many drugs, especially water-soluble and ionized ones (choice A), face difficulty crossing this barrier due to their properties.
3. The fetal-placental barrier (choice C) primarily protects the fetus from harmful substances but does not slow drug entry into brain cells.
4. Lipid-soluble drugs (choice D) can actually pass through these barriers easily due to their chemical properties, posing risks for pregnant women.
In summary, choice B is correct as it accurately describes the role of the blood-brain barrier in controlling drug entry into brain cells, while the other choices present inaccurate statements regarding these distribution barriers.
An older patient has just started on hydrochlorothiazide and is advised by the health care provider to eat foods rich in potassium. What is the nurse’s best recommendation of foods to consume?
- A. Cabbage and corn
- B. Bread and cheese
- C. Avocados and mushrooms
- D. Brown rice and fish
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C: Avocados and mushrooms are rich in potassium, which can help counteract the potassium-wasting effects of hydrochlorothiazide. Avocado contains around 485mg of potassium per 100g, and mushrooms have around 396mg per 100g. Both are excellent choices for increasing potassium intake.
Summary:
A: Cabbage and corn are not as high in potassium compared to avocados and mushrooms.
B: Bread and cheese are not significant sources of potassium compared to avocados and mushrooms.
D: Brown rice and fish do contain some potassium, but not as much as avocados and mushrooms.