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Which of the following correctly lists the normal blood flow through the heart?
- A. Left ventricle, left atrium, body, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs
- B. Left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, right atrium, right ventricle, body
- C. Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body
- D. Right ventricle, right atrium, body, left atrium, left ventricle, lungs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct order of normal blood flow through the heart is as follows: from the body, blood flows into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, followed by the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, then moves into the left ventricle before being pumped out to the body. Choice B correctly depicts this sequential flow of blood through the heart. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not follow the typical path of blood flow through the heart.
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What is correct about the hormones that stimulate male and female organs to produce male and female sex hormones?
- A. Female organs are stimulated by female hormones and male organs by male hormones.
- B. The same hormones that produce male or female sex characteristics stimulate the organs.
- C. The same hormones stimulate both male and female organs to produce sex hormones.
- D. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland's secretion of male and female hormones.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. The same hormones stimulate both male and female organs to produce sex hormones. Hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are produced by the pituitary gland and act on the ovaries in females and the testes in males to stimulate the production of sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone in females, testosterone in males). Therefore, the same hormones stimulate both male and female organs to produce sex hormones. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the relationship between hormones and the stimulation of male and female organs to produce sex hormones.
Which of the following functions is not controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
- A. Digestion
- B. Walking
- C. Heartbeat
- D. Temperature regulation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Walking. Walking is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Walking is a voluntary action governed by the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement. The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, regulates functions that are involuntary, such as digestion, heartbeat, and temperature regulation. Choices A, C, and D are all functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Digestion involves processes like peristalsis and secretion of digestive enzymes, heartbeat is regulated by the autonomic nervous system to maintain blood pressure and circulation, and temperature regulation includes responses like sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature within a narrow range.
The chemical equation below is unbalanced. When it is properly balanced, how many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced for each molecule of propane (C3H8) in the reaction? 3C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
- A. One Half.
- B. Two.
- C. Three.
- D. Five.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane is: 3C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O. This equation shows that for every 3 molecules of propane (C3H8) consumed, 3 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced. Therefore, when properly balanced, 3CO2 are produced for each molecule of propane used. Thus, the correct answer is B: Two. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not reflect the correct stoichiometry as determined by the balanced equation.
Why is it essential to formulate a hypothesis before conducting an experiment?
- A. It will increase the investigator's reputation and prestige if their hypothesis is proven correct.
- B. The hypothesis helps guide the investigation by suggesting what the investigator should be looking for.
- C. Formulating a hypothesis shows potential sources of funding that the investigator has given some thought to the experiment.
- D. The hypothesis directs which results to keep and publish; results that do not match the hypothesis should be discarded.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Formulating a hypothesis before conducting an experiment is crucial because it helps guide the investigation by suggesting what the investigator should be looking for. A hypothesis serves as a prediction or an educated guess about what might happen in the experiment, providing a clear direction for the research process. It allows the investigator to focus on specific variables and outcomes, making the experiment more organized and effective. Choice A is incorrect because the primary purpose of a hypothesis is not to boost an investigator's reputation but to guide the research. Choice C is incorrect as formulating a hypothesis is not primarily about impressing funders but about setting a clear direction for the study. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothesis is not meant to dictate which results to keep based on preconceived notions but to guide the investigation and allow for unbiased interpretation of results.
Which of the following anatomical terms is not part of the knee?
- A. Medial collateral ligament
- B. Patella
- C. Lateral malleolus
- D. Lateral meniscus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The lateral malleolus is a bony prominence on the lateral side of the ankle and is not part of the knee anatomy. The other options - medial collateral ligament, patella, and lateral meniscus - are all structures within the knee joint. The medial collateral ligament is located on the inner side of the knee, the patella is the kneecap, and the lateral meniscus is a cartilage structure within the knee joint. Therefore, the correct answer is C, lateral malleolus.