Nokea
Which of the following describes a situation in which research results are consistent with every subsequent experiment, but the test used in the experiment does not measure what it claims to measure?
- A. reliable, but not valid
- B. valid, but not reliable
- C. neither reliable nor valid
- D. both reliable and valid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, 'reliable, but not valid.' In this scenario, the research results are consistent in every subsequent experiment, indicating reliability. However, the test used does not measure what it claims to measure, leading to a lack of validity in the results. Choice B, 'valid, but not reliable,' would imply that the test consistently measures what it claims but the results are not consistent, which is not the case here. Choice C, 'neither reliable nor valid,' would suggest that the results are neither consistent nor relevant, which does not align with the provided scenario. Choice D, 'both reliable and valid,' would mean that the results are consistent and measure what they claim to measure, which contradicts the situation described in the question.
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Which of the following are the two major zones of the respiratory system?
- A. left bronchus and right bronchus
- B. nose and mouth
- C. larynx and pharynx
- D. conducting and respiratory
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The two major zones of the respiratory system are the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The conducting zone encompasses structures like the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, which serve to transport air into the lungs. On the other hand, the respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, where the crucial gas exchange process between the air in the lungs and the blood occurs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not represent the major zones of the respiratory system but rather individual structures within the system.
Neurotransmitters send chemical messages across the gap between one neuron and another through which of the following structures?
- A. Schwann cell
- B. ganglion
- C. synapse
- D. axon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neurotransmitters send chemical messages across the gap between one neuron and another through a structure called the synapse. The synapse is a specialized junction where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrite or cell body of another neuron. Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and travel across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, transmitting the signal between the two neurons.
Choice A, Schwann cell, is incorrect as Schwann cells are responsible for producing myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system, not for transmitting neurotransmitters between neurons.
Choice B, ganglion, is incorrect as ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system and do not directly participate in the transmission of chemical messages between neurons.
Choice D, axon, is incorrect as the axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards the axon terminals, where neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, but it is not the structure across which neurotransmitters travel to communicate between neurons.
Which of the following is the region of the brain that controls and regulates autonomic functions such as respiration, digestion, and heart rate?
- A. cerebellum
- B. medulla oblongata
- C. temporal lobe
- D. cerebral cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The medulla oblongata is the correct answer. It is the region of the brain located at the base of the brainstem responsible for regulating autonomic functions such as respiration, digestion, and heart rate. These functions are essential for maintaining life. The cerebellum (Option A), temporal lobe (Option C), and cerebral cortex (Option D) do not control these autonomic functions. The cerebellum is mainly involved in coordination and balance, the temporal lobe is associated with memory and hearing, and the cerebral cortex is responsible for higher brain functions like thinking and decision-making.
Which of the following is the cartilaginous flap that protects the larynx from water or food while still allowing the flow of air?
- A. epiglottis
- B. bronchioles
- C. epithelium
- D. tongue
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The epiglottis is the cartilaginous flap that protects the larynx from water or food while still allowing the flow of air. When we swallow, the epiglottis covers the entrance to the larynx, preventing food or liquid from entering the airway and instead directing them towards the esophagus for digestion. Choice B, bronchioles, are small airway branches within the lungs and are not involved in protecting the larynx from food or water. Choice C, epithelium, refers to the tissue that lines the surfaces of organs and structures in the body, but it is not the specific structure that protects the larynx as described. Choice D, tongue, plays a role in taste, speech, and swallowing, but it is not the cartilaginous flap that protects the larynx.
What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter?
- A. to regulate the movement of food material from the stomach to the duodenum
- B. to neutralize stomach acid
- C. to prevent digested food materials and stomach acid from entering the esophagus
- D. to begin the process of chemical digestion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to regulate the flow of partially digested food material (chyme) from the stomach into the small intestine, specifically the duodenum. This control is essential for proper digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Choice B is incorrect because neutralizing stomach acid is primarily the function of the stomach lining and antacid mechanisms. Choice C is incorrect because preventing the backflow of digested food materials and stomach acid into the esophagus is mainly the role of the lower esophageal sphincter. Choice D is incorrect because the chemical digestion process primarily starts in the stomach through the action of gastric juices, not the pyloric sphincter.