Nokea
Which of the following diseases is considered to fall in the group II category?
- A. Anthrax
- B. Lyme disease
- C. Mumps
- D. Smallpox
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mumps. Group II diseases are vaccine-preventable diseases that are communicable and can cause outbreaks. Mumps fits this criteria as it is preventable through vaccination, easily transmitted through respiratory droplets, and can lead to outbreaks in communities. Anthrax (A) is a zoonotic disease, Lyme disease (B) is transmitted by ticks, and Smallpox (D) has been eradicated.
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The complex of non-specific innate defense factors acting against number of infectious agents is known as:
- A. Adaptive immunity
- B. Immune memory
- C. Antibody
- D. Innate immunity (natural resistance)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Innate immunity (natural resistance). Innate immunity refers to the non-specific defense mechanisms that act against a variety of infectious agents. This includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components like phagocytes and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity (A) is specific and involves the production of antibodies and immune memory (B), which are not part of the initial non-specific response. Antibodies (C) are part of the adaptive immune response and are produced in response to specific pathogens, not part of the non-specific innate defense factors.
When using gram staining method fungi stain:
- A. Blue-purple
- B. Red
- C. Silver
- D. Do not stain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fungi do not stain in the gram staining method because they have a unique cell wall composition different from bacteria. Fungi have chitin in their cell walls, which is not easily stained by the gram staining process. This method primarily targets the peptidoglycan layer present in bacterial cell walls. Therefore, fungi will not take up the stain and will remain colorless. The other choices (A: Blue-purple, B: Red, C: Silver) are incorrect because they describe colors that are associated with staining results for bacteria, not fungi.
Ionizing radiation involves all of the following except
- A. UV light
- B. Gamma rays
- C. Electron beams
- D. X-rays
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating charged particles (ions). UV light does not have enough energy to ionize atoms, making choice A the correct answer. Gamma rays, electron beams, and X-rays all have sufficient energy to cause ionization. Gamma rays are very high-energy electromagnetic radiation, electron beams are streams of high-energy electrons, and X-rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation as well.
Which of the following transport mechanisms transports water across the plasma membrane?
- A. osmosis
- B. facilitated diffusion
- C. phagocytosis
- D. exocytosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Osmosis is the correct answer because it is the process by which water molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. This movement occurs passively, driven by the concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion (B) involves the transport of specific molecules with the help of carrier proteins, not water. Phagocytosis (C) is a process where cells engulf solid particles, not water molecules. Exocytosis (D) is the process of releasing substances from a cell by fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane, not the transport of water across the membrane.
A 42-year-old woman has foamy purulent vaginal discharges. Microscopy revealed flagellated protozoa with an undulating membrane and pear-shaped structure. What organism was found?
- A. Trichomonas vaginalis
- B. Trypanosoma gambiense
- C. Leishmania donovani
- D. Lamblia intestinalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, characterized by foamy purulent vaginal discharges. Microscopy of vaginal discharge showing flagellated protozoa with an undulating membrane and pear-shaped structure is indicative of Trichomonas vaginalis. Trypanosoma gambiense causes African sleeping sickness and is transmitted by tsetse flies. Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis transmitted by sandflies. Lamblia intestinalis causes giardiasis and is characterized by diarrhea and flatulence.