Nokea
Which of the following drugs is believed to improve microcirculation in peripheral vascular diseases by promoting RBC flexibility?
- A. Cyclandelate
- B. Theophyline
- C. Pentoxiphyline
- D. Nicotinic acid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pentoxifylline improves RBC flexibility and reduces blood viscosity, enhancing microcirculation.
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Side effect of cyclosporine A is:
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Headache
- C. GI disturbance
- D. Immunosuppression
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: GI disturbance. Cyclosporine A is known to cause gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances as a common side effect, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. This is due to its impact on the digestive system. Choice A (Diarrhea) is too specific and not the most common side effect. Choice B (Headache) is not a typical side effect of cyclosporine A. Choice D (Immunosuppression) is the intended therapeutic effect of cyclosporine A, not a side effect. Therefore, C is the correct choice based on the common side effects associated with cyclosporine A.
Unwanted effect of plicamycin (formerly mithramycin) is:
- A. Diarrhea
- B. Myelosuppression
- C. Nephrolithiasis
- D. Metastatic calcifications
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Plicamycin inhibits RNA synthesis in cancer cells, leading to myelosuppression.
Step 2: Myelosuppression results in decreased production of blood cells, causing anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia.
Step 3: Diarrhea is not a common adverse effect of plicamycin.
Step 4: Nephrolithiasis and metastatic calcifications are not directly associated with plicamycin use.
Dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia are characteristics of:
- A. Dry beriberi
- B. Pyridoxine deficiency
- C. Scurvy
- D. Pellagra
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why D (Pellagra) is correct:
1. Dermatitis: Pellagra is characterized by skin rashes due to niacin deficiency.
2. Diarrhoea: Niacin deficiency in Pellagra affects the digestive system, leading to diarrhea.
3. Dementia: Niacin deficiency affects the brain, causing neurological symptoms like dementia.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Dry beriberi is caused by thiamine (B1) deficiency, not niacin.
B: Pyridoxine deficiency (vitamin B6) does not typically present with dermatitis, diarrhea, or dementia.
C: Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency and is characterized by bleeding gums, weakness, and fatigue, not the symptoms mentioned in the question.
Propranolol is contraindicated in:
- A. Angina pectoris
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Hypertension
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Propranolol's beta-2 blockade can exacerbate asthma by causing bronchospasm; it is indicated for angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias.
Indicate the nootropic agent:
- A. Sydnocarb
- B. Eleuterococci extract
- C. Fluoxetine
- D. Piracetam
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Nootropic agents enhance cognitive function.
2. Piracetam is a well-known nootropic agent.
3. It improves memory, focus, and overall brain function.
4. Sydnocarb is a stimulant, not a nootropic.
5. Eleuterococci extract is an adaptogen, not a nootropic.
6. Fluoxetine is an antidepressant, not a nootropic.
Summary:
Piracetam is the correct answer as it aligns with the definition and effects of a nootropic agent. Sydnocarb, Eleuterococci extract, and Fluoxetine do not possess the specific cognitive-enhancing properties of a true nootropic agent.