Nokea
Which of the following drugs is not used to treat influenza?
- A. Acyclovir
- B. Tamiflu
- C. Amantadine
- D. Relenza
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acyclovir is the correct answer because it is an antiviral drug used to treat herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, not influenza. Tamiflu, Amantadine, and Relenza are used to treat influenza by inhibiting viral replication or easing symptoms. Acyclovir's mechanism of action targets different viruses, making it ineffective for treating influenza.
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Which of the following(s) is/are the determinants of antigenicity?
- A. Chemical nature
- B. Size of the antigen
- C. Foreign origin
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, as all options A, B, and C are determinants of antigenicity.
A: Chemical nature influences how the immune system recognizes antigens.
B: The size of the antigen affects its ability to be recognized by immune cells.
C: Antigens of foreign origin are more likely to trigger an immune response.
Therefore, all of these factors together play a crucial role in determining antigenicity.
A smear prepared from material obtained from patient with suspected diphtheria contains yellow bacilli with blue grains at their ends. What staining was used in this case?
- A. Ziehl-Nielsen
- B. Kozlovsky
- C. Romanovsky
- D. Loefler
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Loefler. This staining method is used for identifying Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria. It involves using methylene blue and basic fuchsin to stain the bacteria. The yellow bacilli with blue grains at their ends indicate the characteristic appearance of C. diphtheriae when stained using the Loefler method.
Choice A: Ziehl-Nielsen is used for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Choice B: Kozlovsky is not a standard staining method in microbiology.
Choice C: Romanovsky is used for blood smears to identify malaria parasites.
Which bacteria is responsible for causing pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Escherichia coli can all cause pneumonia, but through different mechanisms. S. pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, M. tuberculosis can lead to tuberculosis-related pneumonia, and E. coli can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, all three bacteria can be responsible for causing pneumonia, making option D the correct choice. Option A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, is correct but does not cover all possible causes of pneumonia. Option B, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is too specific and does not include other common causes. Option C, Escherichia coli, is also a possible cause of pneumonia but does not account for all potential pathogens.
Conidiospores that bud off from a vase-shaped spore-bearing cell are referred to as:
- A. arthrospores
- B. porospores
- C. phialospores
- D. blastospores
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: phialospores. Phialospores are conidiospores that bud off from a vase-shaped spore-bearing cell called a phialide. This structure is characteristic of fungi in the genus Penicillium. Arthrospores (A) are formed by the fragmentation of hyphae, porospores (B) are not a recognized term in mycology, and blastospores (D) are produced by budding from yeast cells. Therefore, C is the correct choice based on the specific description provided in the question.
Which one is an example of an immunomodulator
- A. Pentaxim
- B. Hexacima
- C. Gamma-interferon
- D. Rifampin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why C is correct:
1. Immunomodulators regulate the immune response.
2. Gamma-interferon is a cytokine that enhances immune function.
3. It helps fight infections and regulate inflammation.
4. Pentaxim and Hexacima are combination vaccines.
5. Rifampin is an antibiotic, not an immunomodulator.
Summary:
- A and B are combination vaccines.
- D is an antibiotic.
- C is the correct answer as gamma-interferon is an immunomodulator that regulates the immune response.