Nokea
Which of the following drugs selectively stimulates β2 adrenoceptors:
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Noradrenaline
- C. Isoprenaline
- D. Salbutamol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Salbutamol. Salbutamol is a selective β2 adrenoceptor agonist. It has a higher affinity for β2 receptors compared to β1 receptors, leading to bronchodilation without significant effects on the heart. A: Adrenaline and C: Isoprenaline stimulate both β1 and β2 receptors, causing increased heart rate and bronchodilation. B: Noradrenaline stimulates α1, α2, and β1 receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. Therefore, salbutamol is the only drug that selectively stimulates β2 adrenoceptors, making it the correct choice.
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Which form of intestinal smooth muscle contraction does NOT occur in normal health?
- A. peristalsis
- B. weak antiperistalsis
- C. peristaltic rushes
- D. tonic contractions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peristaltic rushes. Peristaltic rushes are abnormal and excessive contractions that can result in diarrhea or bowel urgency. In normal health, peristalsis (A) is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles that moves contents along the digestive tract. Weak antiperistalsis (B) refers to reverse contractions that are weaker than normal peristalsis. Tonic contractions (D) are sustained contractions that help maintain muscle tone and control flow. Therefore, peristaltic rushes are the only option that does not occur in normal health due to their abnormal and disruptive nature.
A diabetic patient presents with hot and dry skin, rapid and deep respirations, and a fruity odor to his breath. As charge nurse, you observe the new graduate RN accomplishing all these patient tasks. Which one requires that you intervene immediately?
- A. The RN checks the patient's fingerstick glucose.
- B. The RN encourages the patient to drink orange juice.
- C. The RN checks the patient's order for sliding scale insulin.
- D. The RN assesses the patient's vital signs every 15 minutes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Encouraging the patient to drink orange juice in the presence of rapid, deep breathing, and fruity breath odor could worsen DKA. The patient needs immediate medical intervention, including IV fluids and insulin, rather than oral intake.
Which system works closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions?
- A. nervous system
- B. immune system
- C. circulatory system
- D. respiratory system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The nervous system works closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body's functions through the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information rapidly, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The immune system (B) protects the body from infections, the circulatory system (C) transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and the respiratory system (D) is responsible for gas exchange. However, these systems do not directly coordinate with the endocrine system in the same way the nervous system does.
Blood levels of which of the following substances is decreased in Graves disease?
- A. Triiodothyronine (T3)
- B. Thyroxine (T4)
- C. Diiodotyrosine (DIT)
- D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In Graves disease, there is an overproduction of thyroid hormones due to autoimmune stimulation. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is decreased because the excessive thyroid hormones suppress its production through negative feedback. A and B are incorrect because both T3 and T4 levels are elevated in Graves disease. C is incorrect as DIT is a precursor to thyroid hormones and its levels may not necessarily be decreased in Graves disease.
Which of these is true of the endocrine system?
- A. secretes hormones that are transported to target cells by blood
- B. causes changes in metabolic activities
- C. effects are prolonged
- D. All of above are true.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: The endocrine system secretes hormones that travel through the bloodstream to specific target cells. (Choice A)
Step 2: These hormones regulate metabolic activities in the body. (Choice B)
Step 3: The effects of hormonal actions can last for an extended period, leading to prolonged effects. (Choice C)
Therefore, all the statements A, B, and C are true about the endocrine system, making choice D the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass all aspects of the endocrine system's functions.