Nokea
Which of the following eyewash/safety showers should be used for immediate flushing only, until the victim reaches another safety unit?
- A. Emergency shower
- B. Personal eyewash
- C. Handheld drench hose
- D. Combination unit
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Personal eyewash. Personal eyewash is designed for immediate flushing until the victim reaches a more suitable safety unit. It provides a controlled flow of water to safely flush eyes while transporting the victim. The emergency shower (A) is meant for full-body coverage, not just for the eyes. Handheld drench hose (C) may not provide adequate flushing pressure. Combination unit (D) may not be easily portable for immediate use.
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Which of the following best describes the role of bacterial plasmids?
- A. Regulation of bacterial growth
- B. Carrying antibiotic resistance genes
- C. Producing toxins
- D. Facilitating endospore formation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carrying antibiotic resistance genes. Bacterial plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can carry genes, including those for antibiotic resistance. This allows bacteria to survive exposure to antibiotics. Plasmids do not directly regulate bacterial growth (A), produce toxins (C), or facilitate endospore formation (D). Plasmids play a crucial role in the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria.
In an agar slant, bacterial colonies that appear separate or semiconfluent are referred to as:
- A. filiform
- B. echinulate
- C. beaded
- D. effuse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: beaded. In an agar slant, beaded colonies appear as separate or semiconfluent, forming small, round colonies with gaps between them. This term accurately describes the appearance of the colonies in this context.
A: Filiform colonies are dense and opaque with smooth edges, not separate or semiconfluent.
B: Echinulate colonies have spiny projections, not the characteristic of separate or semiconfluent growth.
D: Effuse colonies spread out extensively and lack defined borders, unlike the distinct appearance of separate or semiconfluent colonies.
4 days after a patient received a gunshot wound of the middle third of the thigh soft tissues his condition suddenly began deteriorating. There are complaints of bursting pain in the wound; pain increases during the last 12 hours. Edema of skin and hypodermic tissue quickly grows. Body temperature is 38,2oC, heart rate is 102/min. The wound edges gape, are dull in color; the muscles, viable as of day before, now protrude into the wound, look boiled, are dull in color, have dirty-grey coating and fall apart when being held with forceps. What infection has developed in the wound?
- A. Anaerobic
- B. Aerobic gram-negative
- C. Putrid
- D. Aerobic gram-positive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anaerobic infection. The sudden deterioration, bursting pain, edema, foul appearance of wound, and presence of gas are indicative of gas gangrene caused by anaerobic bacteria like Clostridium perfringens. These bacteria thrive in low oxygen environments, such as deep wound tissues. The symptoms align with the classic presentation of gas gangrene, necessitating immediate surgical intervention.
Choice B: Aerobic gram-negative, is incorrect because anaerobic bacteria, not aerobic gram-negative bacteria, are responsible for gas gangrene.
Choice C: Putrid, is incorrect as it is a general term referring to foul-smelling decay and does not specify the type of infection.
Choice D: Aerobic gram-positive, is incorrect as gas gangrene is typically caused by anaerobic bacteria, not aerobic gram-positive bacteria.
The term “infectious process†means “all biological processes carried out after…â€
- A. The attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganism
- B. The attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganisms regardless of whether or not there is clinical manifestation
- C. The penetration of microbes into the macroorganism and always manifest clinically
- D. No correct answer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the term "infectious process" refers to all biological processes that occur after the attachment and penetration of microbes into the host organism, regardless of whether there are clinical manifestations. This includes the colonization, multiplication, and spread of the microorganisms within the host.
Explanation:
A: Incorrect because it only mentions the attachment and penetration of microbes into the microorganism, missing the subsequent processes.
C: Incorrect because it is too specific, stating that the penetration of microbes always manifests clinically, which is not always the case.
D: Incorrect because there is a correct answer, which is B, as explained above.
Giardiasis is a waterborne gastrointestinal disease caused by Giardia intestinalis, which is a:
- A. protozoan
- B. bacterium
- C. fungus
- D. virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Giardiasis is caused by Giardia intestinalis, which is a well-known protozoan parasite.
Step 2: Protozoans are single-celled eukaryotic organisms commonly found in water sources.
Step 3: Giardia intestinalis infects the intestine, causing symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal cramps.
Step 4: Bacteria (Choice B) are prokaryotic organisms, different from protozoans.
Step 5: Fungi (Choice C) are also eukaryotic but are not responsible for causing Giardiasis.
Step 6: Viruses (Choice D) are not cellular and cannot independently cause Giardiasis.
In summary, the correct answer is A (protozoan) because Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite specifically known to cause Giardiasis, while the other choices (Bacterium, Fungus, Virus) do not match the characteristics of the