Nokea
Which of the following has the greatest effect on an increase in body weight?
- A. Carbohydrate intake
- B. Protein intake
- C. Fat intake
- D. Total kilocalories
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Total kilocalories have the greatest effect on body weight as they represent the overall energy intake from all macronutrients combined. While the consumption of specific macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can affect weight management, the total calories consumed play the most significant role in determining body weight. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they focus on individual macronutrients rather than the overall energy balance provided by total kilocalories.
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Water loss can occur from each, except one. Which is the exception?
- A. Respiratory inflammation
- B. Strenuous exercise
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Perspiration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Perspiration. Water loss can occur through respiration inflammation, strenuous exercise, and diarrhea. Perspiration, also known as sweating, is a mechanism by which the body regulates temperature and eliminates some waste products, but it is not a cause of water loss. The body loses water through sweating, but this loss is mainly for cooling purposes, and it is not a primary mechanism for water loss like respiration, exercise, or diarrhea.
Which nutrient deficiency produces microcytic anemia, fatigue, faulty digestion, blue sclerae, pale conjunctivae, and tachycardia?
- A. Zinc
- B. Iron
- C. Sodium
- D. Potassium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A deficiency in iron can lead to various symptoms, such as microcytic anemia, fatigue, faulty digestion, blue sclerae, pale conjunctivae, and tachycardia. Iron-deficiency anemia may be caused by inadequate dietary intake; accelerated demand or losses; and inadequate absorption secondary to diarrhea, decreased acid secretions, or antacid therapy. Iron deficiency is frequently the result of postnatal feeding practices and has a serious impact on growth and mental and psychomotor development in infants and children. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as zinc deficiency typically presents with symptoms like impaired wound healing, taste abnormalities, and hair loss; sodium deficiency can lead to symptoms such as muscle cramps, dizziness, and confusion; and potassium deficiency may cause muscle weakness, fatigue, and abnormal heart rhythms.
Which animal-derived food contains the most significant level of carbohydrates?
- A. Egg
- B. Beef
- C. Milk
- D. Poultry
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Milk contains the most significant level of carbohydrates among animal-derived foods. Milk and milk products supply significant quantities of carbohydrate in the form of lactose. Eggs, beef, and poultry are not significant sources of carbohydrates compared to milk. In cheese making, lactose is removed as a by-product, reducing the carbohydrate content further.
Which set of guidelines is intended to assess nutrient adequacy or plan intakes of population groups, not individuals?
- A. Old Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
- B. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
- C. New Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
- D. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is specifically designed to assess nutrient adequacy or plan intakes for population groups, not for individuals. The Old and New Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) are meant for individuals, not groups, as they provide guidelines for specific nutrient intake levels for healthy individuals. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is used to set the highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for most individuals in a group, which is different from assessing nutrient adequacy for groups.
Which physiologic role does vitamin C play in the body?
- A. Transcribing DNA to RNA
- B. Absorption and regulation of calcium
- C. Protects integrity of cellular membranes
- D. Catalyst for synthesis of blood-clotting factors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin C plays a crucial role in protecting the integrity of cellular membranes. It is essential for collagen synthesis, which is important for wound healing and maintaining skin, blood vessels, and other tissues. Choice A is incorrect as the transcription of DNA to RNA is facilitated by vitamin A. Choice B is incorrect as calcium absorption and regulation are functions of vitamin D. Choice D is incorrect as vitamin K serves as a catalyst for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors, not vitamin C.