Nokea
Which of the following have a fecal oral route of transmission?
- A. Diphtheria
- B. Typhoid fever
- C. Syphilis
- D. Spotted fever
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning the bacteria from an infected person's feces can contaminate food or water and then be ingested by another person. This can lead to infection and illness. The other choices, diphtheria (A), syphilis (C), and spotted fever (D) are not transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Diphtheria is spread through respiratory droplets, syphilis is primarily sexually transmitted, and spotted fever is transmitted through tick bites. Thus, only Typhoid fever aligns with the fecal-oral route of transmission.
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A 47-year-old patient came to see a doctor on the 7th day of disease. The disease developed very fast: after the chill body temperature rose to 40oC and lasted up to 7 hours, then dropped abruptly, which caused profuse sweat. There were three such attacks occur in once in two days. Two days ago the patient arrived from Africa. Objectively: pale skin, subicteric sclera, significantly enlarged liver and spleen. What is the cause of fever attacks in this disease?
- A. Erythrocytic schizogony
- B. Tissue schizogony
- C. Exotoxin of a causative agent
- D. Gametocytes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Erythrocytic schizogony. In this case, the patient most likely has malaria, specifically caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The fever attacks every 2 days (tertian fever) are characteristic of P. falciparum infection. The cycle of erythrocytic schizogony in P. falciparum is around 48 hours, leading to the recurring fever pattern. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as tissue schizogony does not cause the characteristic fever pattern, exotoxins are not typically involved in malaria fever, and gametocytes do not directly cause fever attacks.
Urine examination of a patient with acute cystitis revealed leukocytes and a lot of gram-negative bacilli. Inoculation resulted in growth of colonies of mucous nature that formed green soluble pigment. What microorganism is the most probable cause of the disease?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- C. Escherihia coli
- D. Salmonella enteritidis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Presence of gram-negative bacilli suggests Enterobacteriaceae family, which includes E. coli.
2. Green soluble pigment indicates pyocyanin production, characteristic of E. coli.
3. E. coli is the most common cause of acute cystitis due to its ability to colonize the urinary tract.
Summary:
A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not typically associated with acute cystitis and does not produce mucous colonies.
B: Klebsiella pneumoniae may cause UTIs, but does not produce green pigment and is less common than E. coli.
D: Salmonella enteritidis is associated with gastrointestinal infections, not cystitis.
Ribosomes take part in:
- A. protein synthesis
- B. break down of different substances
- C. oxidative phosphorylation
- D. inactivation of antibiotics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, where they translate the genetic information from mRNA into specific amino acid sequences to form proteins. This process occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes do not participate in the breakdown of substances, which is mainly carried out by lysosomes or proteasomes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves the generation of ATP in mitochondria, not ribosomes. Ribosomes do not inactivate antibiotics; this is typically done by enzymes or chemical modifications. Therefore, the correct answer is A as ribosomes play a crucial role in protein synthesis.
Congenital CMV infections are caused by:
- A. coronavirus
- B. herpes simplex virus
- C. cytomegalovirus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cytomegalovirus (CMV). Congenital CMV infections are caused by the transmission of CMV from a pregnant woman to her fetus. CMV is a type of herpes virus, not a coronavirus (A), herpes simplex virus (B), or Epstein-Barr virus (D). CMV is known to cause serious health issues in newborns, making it crucial to identify and manage during pregnancy.
Antibiotics are distributed into following groups:
- A. Blockaders of protein synthesis
- B. Blockaders of cell wall synthesis
- C. Alternators of bacterial cytoplasm
- D. Nothing from above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blockaders of protein synthesis because antibiotics in this group target bacterial ribosomes, preventing protein synthesis. This disrupts bacterial growth and replication. Choice B is incorrect as cell wall synthesis inhibitors target a different bacterial component. Choice C is incorrect as antibiotics do not alter bacterial cytoplasm. Choice D is incorrect as antibiotics do fall into different categories based on their mechanism of action.