Nokea
Which of the following herbal medicines is recommended by the department for cough?
- A. Sambong
- B. Bawang
- C. Guava
- D. Lagundi
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The herbal medicine recommended by the Department of Health for cough is Lagundi (scientific name: Vitex negundo). Lagundi has been found to have properties that can help relieve cough, asthma, and other respiratory conditions. It has been traditionally used as a natural remedy for these purposes and has gained recognition for its effectiveness in managing cough symptoms. Additionally, Lagundi is also known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, further supporting its use in addressing respiratory ailments.
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A patient presents with sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to the back, hypotension, and a widened mediastinum on chest X-ray. Which cardiovascular disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Stable angina
- B. Unstable angina
- C. Acute myocardial infarction
- D. Aortic dissection
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: #NAME?
A patient is prescribed a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Which adverse effect should the nurse monitor closely in the patient?
- A. Constipation
- B. Hypokalemia
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Clostridium difficile infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed for conditions involving excessive stomach acid production, such as peptic ulcer disease. One of the potential adverse effects of PPIs, such as omeprazole or pantoprazole, is the risk of hypokalemia. Hypokalemia is a condition characterized by low levels of potassium in the bloodstream. Prolonged use of PPIs can inhibit the absorption of potassium in the intestines, leading to a decrease in potassium levels in the body. Hypokalemia can present with symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, irregular heartbeat, and in severe cases, it can result in life-threatening complications like cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, it is essential for the nurse to closely monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of hypokalemia while on PPI therapy, especially if the patient is at risk for developing electrolyte imbalances.
A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about the importance of professional boundaries in nursing practice. What statement by a student indicates understanding of this concept?
- A. "It's okay to share personal information with patients to build rapport."
- B. "Maintaining professional boundaries helps protect both patients and nurses."
- C. "Establishing friendships with patients enhances trust and communication."
- D. "Being emotionally involved with patients improves patient outcomes."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Option B, "Maintaining professional boundaries helps protect both patients and nurses," indicates an understanding of the importance of professional boundaries in nursing practice. Professional boundaries define the limits of the nurse-patient relationship and help ensure that interactions are safe, therapeutic, and based on the patient's best interest. By maintaining these boundaries, nurses can uphold ethical standards, prevent harm, and maintain trust with patients. It also helps prevent issues such as transference, countertransference, and breaches of confidentiality. Overall, understanding and respecting professional boundaries are essential for promoting the well-being of both patients and healthcare providers.
A nurse is resistant to the change and is not taking an active part in facilitating the process of change. Which is the BEST approach in dealing with the nurse?
- A. Exert coercion on the nurse
- B. Provide a positive reward system for the nurse
- C. Talk and encourage verbalizing feelings of the change
- D. Ignore the resistance of the nurse.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best approach in dealing with a nurse who is resistant to change and not actively participating is to communicate and encourage verbalizing feelings about the change. By talking with the nurse and allowing them to express their concerns and feelings, you can address any underlying issues that may be causing the resistance. This approach can help build trust, improve communication, and ultimately increase the nurse's engagement in the change process. Coercion (Choice A) can create negative feelings and resistance, while ignoring the nurse's resistance (Choice D) will not resolve the issue. Providing positive rewards (Choice B) may be helpful but may not address the underlying reasons for resistance. Communication is key in addressing resistance to change and fostering a positive, open environment for all involved.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in antigen presentation?
- A. MHC class I molecules present exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells.
- B. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells.
- C. MHC class II molecules present endogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells.
- D. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are responsible for presenting endogenous antigens, such as viral or intracellular proteins, to CD8+ T cells. These antigens are derived from within the cell, either synthesized within the cell itself or taken up from the cytoplasm. CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells, recognize antigens presented by MHC class I molecules and play a key role in cell-mediated immunity by destroying infected or abnormal cells.