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Which of the following hormones would cause skin color to become darker?
- A. Follicle-stimulating
- B. Growth-stimulating
- C. Thyroid-stimulating
- D. Melanocyte-stimulating
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Melanocyte-stimulating. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulates melanocytes in the skin to produce more melanin, leading to darker skin pigmentation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle growth in the reproductive system, Growth-stimulating hormone is a vague term not specific to any known hormone, and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, not affecting skin color pigmentation.
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Which of the following correctly orders the route of a fetus during childbirth?
- A. Uterus, cervix, vagina
- B. Cervix, uterus, vagina
- C. Uterus, vas deferens, vagina
- D. Ovary, fallopian tube, uterus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct route of a fetus during childbirth is from the uterus, through the cervix, and then out through the vagina. The contractions of the uterus help push the fetus through the cervix and out through the vaginal canal during childbirth. Choice B is incorrect as it reverses the order of the cervix and uterus. Choice C is incorrect as it includes the vas deferens, which is not part of the female reproductive system. Choice D is incorrect as it lists structures from the female reproductive system but in the wrong order for childbirth.
What is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division?
- A. Centromere
- B. Chromatid
- C. Chromosome
- D. Gene
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule and its associated proteins coil tightly before cell division. It contains the genetic material and is essential for cell division and replication. The centromere is a specific region of a chromosome that plays a role in cell division. A chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome, and a gene is a unit of heredity responsible for specific traits. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Chromosome' as it represents the entire condensed DNA molecule during cell division.
Which deadly disease was eliminated through an intensive vaccination program?
- A. AIDS
- B. Smallpox
- C. Diabetes type 1
- D. Rheumatoid arthritis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Smallpox was eradicated globally through an intensive vaccination program. The World Health Organization (WHO) led a successful global campaign to vaccinate people against smallpox, ultimately leading to its eradication in 1980. AIDS, diabetes type 1, and rheumatoid arthritis are serious conditions, but they were not eliminated through vaccination programs like smallpox. Therefore, the correct answer is B, Smallpox. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and remains a significant global health issue. Diabetes type 1 is an autoimmune condition where the body attacks insulin-producing cells, leading to high blood sugar levels. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation and pain.
A physician prescribes a drug to help control a person's anxiety attacks. This drug most likely targets the
- A. Amygdala.
- B. Parietal lobe.
- C. Hypothalamus.
- D. Sensory neuron.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amygdala. The amygdala is a key brain structure involved in the processing of emotions, including anxiety. Medications for anxiety disorders often target the amygdala to help regulate emotional responses and control anxiety attacks. The amygdala plays a crucial role in the brain's fear circuit and is essential for the appropriate response to stress and threat perception. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the parietal lobe is primarily involved in sensory processing and spatial reasoning, the hypothalamus regulates basic functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature, and sensory neurons transmit signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, none of which are directly related to the regulation of anxiety attacks.
What presents the correct order of cellular respiration?
- A. Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
- B. Citric Acid Cycle, Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Electron Transport Chain
- C. Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Electron Transport Chain, Citric Acid Cycle
- D. Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Acetyl-CoA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct order of cellular respiration is Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain. Glycolysis initiates the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm, leading to the formation of pyruvate. This pyruvate is then converted to Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, which enters the Citric Acid Cycle to generate energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH2. Finally, the Electron Transport Chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, utilizes these energy carriers to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Choice B is incorrect because it starts with the Citric Acid Cycle, which comes after Glycolysis. Choice C is incorrect as it places the Citric Acid Cycle before the Electron Transport Chain. Choice D is incorrect by placing Acetyl-CoA last instead of before the Citric Acid Cycle.