Nokea
Which of the following hypnotic drugs is used intravenously as anesthesia?
- A. Thiopental
- B. Phenobarbital
- C. Flurazepam
- D. Zolpidem
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thiopental. Thiopental is used intravenously as anesthesia due to its rapid onset and short duration of action, making it suitable for induction of anesthesia. Phenobarbital, Flurazepam, and Zolpidem are not typically used for anesthesia due to slower onset, longer duration, and different mechanisms of action. Thiopental's pharmacokinetic profile and effectiveness in inducing anesthesia make it the most appropriate choice among the options provided.
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All of the following drugs increase the effects of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents EXCEPT:
- A. Aminoglycosides
- B. Antiarrhythmic drugs
- C. Nondepolarizing blockers
- D. Local anesthetics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Nondepolarizing blockers compete with depolarizing agents at the neuromuscular junction, reducing their effects.
2. Aminoglycosides can potentiate neuromuscular blockade.
3. Antiarrhythmic drugs can enhance neuromuscular blockade.
4. Local anesthetics can increase neuromuscular blockade.
5. Therefore, only nondepolarizing blockers do not increase the effects of depolarizing agents.
A patient to be commenced on oral anticoagulant therapy for DVT would be treated with
- A. Oral anticoagulant therapy with warfarin for a goal intenational normalized ration (INR) of 2-3
- B. Oral anticoagulant therapy with warfarin for a goal INR of 2.5-3.5
- C. Oral anticoagulant therapy with aspirin for a goal INR of 2-3
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Warfarin with an INR goal of 2-3 is standard for DVT to balance anticoagulation and bleeding risk; aspirin does not target INR.
A teaching plan for a patient taking lithium should include instructions to:
- A. maintain normal salt and fluids in the diet.
- B. drink twice the usual daily amount of fluid.
- C. have regular laboratory studies of liver function.
- D. avoid eating aged cheese
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Lithium is a mood stabilizer that can cause dehydration and increase the risk of toxicity.
Step 2: Maintaining normal salt and fluids helps prevent dehydration and maintains lithium levels.
Step 3: Drinking excessive fluids (B) can lead to lithium toxicity.
Step 4: Regular liver function tests (C) are not necessary for monitoring lithium therapy.
Step 5: Avoiding aged cheese (D) is unrelated to lithium therapy.
Summary: Choice A is correct as it directly addresses the need to maintain hydration and normal salt levels to prevent lithium toxicity. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are either unnecessary or unrelated to lithium therapy.
Tick the drug for cestodosis (tapeworm invasion) treatment:
- A. Piperazine
- B. Praziquantel
- C. Pyrantel
- D. Ivermectin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is B: Praziquantel. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for treating cestodosis due to its high efficacy against tapeworms. It works by causing paralysis in the worms, leading to their detachment from the intestinal wall and subsequent expulsion from the body. Piperazine (A) is used for roundworm infections, not cestodosis. Pyrantel (C) is effective against intestinal nematode infections, not tapeworms. Ivermectin (D) is mainly used for treating parasitic infections caused by roundworms and mites, but it is not the first-line treatment for cestodosis.
A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department (ED) after experiencing a sudden loss of motor control on his left side accompanied by aphasia. By the time he reached the ED, his symptoms had already resolved. He is given a prescription for a drug that binds platelet ADP receptors to prevent their aggregation. Which drug is this?
- A. Clopidogrel
- B. Enoxaparin
- C. Eptifibatide
- D. Tirofiban
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Clopidogrel inhibits ADP receptors on platelets, preventing aggregation, and is used for secondary prevention after a transient ischemic attack (TIA), as described.