Which of the following individuals may legally give informed consent?
- A. an 86-year-old male with advanced Alzheimer's disease
- B. a 14-year-old girl needing an appendectomy who is not an emancipated minor
- C. a 72-year-old female scheduled for a heart transplant
- D. a 6-month-old baby needing bowel surgery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Only competent adults can legally give informed consent. The 72-year-old female is presumed competent unless stated otherwise. An individual with advanced Alzheimer's lacks decision-making capacity, a non-emancipated minor cannot consent, and infants are legally incapable of consenting; their guardians must provide consent.
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The death of a beloved spouse places the surviving partner in which type of crisis?
- A. maturational
- B. reactive
- C. nonreactive
- D. situational
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A situational crisis is an unexpected, unplanned event, such as the death of a spouse. Option 1 is a normal maturational crisis; Choices 2 and 3 are not recognized crisis states.
Which of the following foods should be avoided by clients who are prone to develop heartburn as a result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
- A. lettuce
- B. eggs
- C. chocolate
- D. butterscotch
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ingestion of chocolate can reduce lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure leading to reflux and clinical symptoms of GERD. The other foods do not affect LES pressure.
A 15 year-old high school wrestler has been taking diuretics to lose weight to compete in a lower weight class. Which of the following medical tests is most likely to be given?
- A. Lab values of Potassium and Sodium
- B. Lab values of glucose and hemoglobin
- C. ECG
- D. CT scan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diuretics can disturb the sodium and potassium balance, resulting in cardiac complications. Monitoring electrolyte levels is critical.
For safety, the nurse should ask the client to:
- A. drink 1000 cc prior to the procedure to affect fluid loss.
- B. eat foods low in fat.
- C. empty his bladder prior to the procedure.
- D. assume the prone position.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When performing a paracentesis, the client must be sitting up to allow the fluid to settle to the lower abdomen. To prevent trauma to the bladder while inserting a needle to aspirate the fluid, the bladder must be empty.
The 24-hour day-night cycle is known as:
- A. circadian rhythm
- B. infradian rhythm
- C. ultradian rhythm
- D. non-REM rhythm
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The circadian rhythm governs the 24-hour cycle of physiological processes. Infradian rhythms are longer than 24 hours (e.g., menstrual cycle), ultradian rhythms are shorter (e.g., sleep cycles), and non-REM rhythm is not a recognized term.