Nokea
Which of the following is a condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath?
- A. Pneumonia
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Asthma
- D. Emphysema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia, caused by an infection in the lungs, presents with symptoms like fever, chills, and cough with sputum. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, leading to symptoms such as persistent cough, chest pain, and weight loss. Emphysema, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is characterized by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and chronic cough. Therefore, among the options provided, asthma best fits the description of a condition with airway inflammation and narrowing.
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How is power related to energy?
- A. Power is the same as energy
- B. Energy is the rate at which work is done
- C. Power is the amount of stored energy
- D. Energy is the rate at which power is transferred
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Energy is the capacity to do work, while power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. Therefore, energy is related to power as the rate at which work is done. Choice A is incorrect because power and energy are not the same; they are related concepts but represent different aspects. Choice C is incorrect because power does not refer to stored energy but rather the rate of energy transfer. Choice D is incorrect because energy is not the rate at which power is transferred, but the capacity to do work or cause change.
Which of the following factors would NOT affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent?
- A. Temperature
- B. Pressure
- C. Particle size
- D. Nature of the solute and solvent
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pressure does not typically affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Solubility is primarily influenced by factors such as temperature, particle size, and the nature of the solute and solvent. Increasing pressure generally has a minimal effect on the solubility of solids in liquids. The impact of pressure on solubility is more significant for gases in liquids rather than solids in liquids. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D directly impact the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Temperature affects the solubility as it changes the kinetic energy of particles, particle size can impact the surface area available for interaction between solute and solvent, and the nature of the solute and solvent influences their intermolecular interactions and compatibility.
Which process is characterized by nuclear fission?
- A. A heavy nucleus capturing a neutron and releasing energy
- B. The fusion of two nuclei to form a heavier element
- C. A lighter element emitting an alpha particle through radioactive decay
- D. An electron being absorbed by the nucleus with the release of a gamma ray
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nuclear fission is the process where a heavy nucleus, like uranium-235, captures a neutron, leading to its division into two lighter nuclei. This process releases a substantial amount of energy in the form of heat and gamma rays. It is utilized in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs due to its capacity to produce significant energy. Choices B, C, and D describe different nuclear processes: fusion of two nuclei to form a heavier element, emission of alpha particles from a lighter element through radioactive decay, and absorption of an electron by the nucleus with the release of a gamma ray, respectively. These processes are distinct from nuclear fission and do not involve the splitting of heavy nuclei into lighter ones.
What type of lens is thinner at the center than at the edges and causes light rays to diverge?
- A. Convex lens
- B. Concave lens
- C. Diverging lens
- D. Plano-convex lens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A concave lens is thinner at the center than at the edges, causing light rays to diverge when passing through it. This type of lens is also known as a diverging lens because it causes light rays to spread out. Concave lenses are used in various optical devices to correct vision problems and in scientific instruments to diverge light rays for specific purposes. The other choices are incorrect. A convex lens is thicker at the center and converges light rays, while a plano-convex lens has one flat surface and one convex surface, converging light. Diverging lens is a general term that can refer to concave or plano-concave lenses, but in this context, the specific type being referred to is a concave lens.
What information can be obtained from the mass number of an element?
- A. The number of protons in the nucleus
- B. The total number of protons and neutrons
- C. The number of electrons in the valence shell
- D. The element's chemical reactivity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The mass number of an element represents the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. This information is crucial for determining the atomic mass of the element and understanding its stability and isotopes. The number of protons in the nucleus (option A) is represented by the atomic number, not the mass number. The number of electrons in the valence shell (option C) is related to the element's position in the periodic table and its chemical properties, but it is not directly determined by the mass number. The element's chemical reactivity (option D) is influenced by the number and arrangement of electrons in the atom's energy levels, not by the mass number.