Nokea
Which of the following is a weak acid commonly found in citrus fruits?
- A. Sulfuric acid (Hâ‚‚SOâ‚„)
- B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- C. Citric acid
- D. Nitric acid (HNO₃)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Citric acid is a weak acid commonly found in citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, and limes. It is responsible for the sour taste in these fruits. Sulfuric acid (option A), hydrochloric acid (option B), and nitric acid (option D) are all strong acids that are typically used in laboratory settings and industrial processes, not naturally found in citrus fruits. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
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Which type of bond involves the complete transfer of electrons between atoms?
- A. Covalent bond
- B. Ionic bond
- C. Metallic bond
- D. Hydrogen bond
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Ionic bond. Ionic bond involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of cations and anions. This transfer leads to the creation of strong electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds, on the other hand, involve the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve stability. Metallic bonds are formed in metals, where a sea of delocalized electrons surrounds positively charged metal ions, contributing to the metal's properties. Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular forces that occur between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen, not involving the complete transfer of electrons.
What is the term for the process of separating the components of a solution based on their different rates of movement through a medium?
- A. Filtration
- B. Distillation
- C. Chromatography
- D. Precipitation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chromatography is the correct term for the process of separating the components of a solution based on their different rates of movement through a medium. In chromatography, the components move at different speeds due to their interactions with the medium, causing separation. Filtration involves using a barrier to separate solid particles from a liquid. Distillation separates components based on differences in boiling points to collect the vapor of the more volatile component. Precipitation refers to the formation of a solid from a solution by a chemical reaction or change in conditions.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
- A. Sugars
- B. Fatty acids
- C. Amino acids
- D. Nucleotides
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Proteins are macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are linked together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which then fold into specific three-dimensional structures to carry out various functions in the body. Sugars (choice A) are the building blocks of carbohydrates, fatty acids (choice B) are the building blocks of lipids, and nucleotides (choice D) are the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Therefore, the correct answer is amino acids (choice C), as they are specifically responsible for protein synthesis.
Which type of energy is associated with the random motion of particles in a substance?
- A. Potential energy
- B. Mechanical energy
- C. Thermal energy
- D. Chemical energy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Thermal energy is the correct answer as it is associated with the random motion of particles in a substance. When particles move randomly, they generate heat energy, which is a form of thermal energy. Potential energy is stored energy that can be converted into other forms when released, such as kinetic energy. Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy in an object, which is not directly related to the random motion of particles. Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds and is not specifically related to the motion of particles.
Which property of matter remains constant regardless of changes in gravity?
- A. Mass
- B. Weight
- C. Volume
- D. Density
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and remains constant regardless of changes in gravity. Weight, on the other hand, is the force of gravity acting on an object and can vary depending on the strength of gravity. Volume is the amount of space an object occupies, and density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, both of which can change with changes in gravity. Therefore, mass is the property that remains the same regardless of variations in gravitational force. Choice B, Weight, changes with gravity as it is a force dependent on gravity. Choices C and D, Volume and Density, can be affected by changes in gravity as they are related to the space an object occupies and the mass per unit volume, respectively.