Nokea
Which of the following is an example of a secondary alcohol?
- A. Methanol
- B. Ethanol
- C. Isopropanol
- D. Butanol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Isopropanol is indeed an example of a secondary alcohol because the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms. In isopropanol, the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Methanol (Choice A) is a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon atom. Ethanol (Choice B) is also a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon atom. Butanol (Choice D) is a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon atoms, making it a primary alcohol.
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of lactose intolerance?
- A. Gas
- B. Bloating
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Nausea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A) Gas: Gas is a common symptom of lactose intolerance. When lactose is not properly digested, it can ferment in the colon, leading to the production of gas.
B) Bloating: Bloating is another common symptom of lactose intolerance. The buildup of gas in the digestive system can cause bloating and discomfort.
C) Diarrhea: Diarrhea is a common symptom of lactose intolerance. When lactose is not broken down in the small intestine, it can draw excess water into the colon, resulting in diarrhea.
D) Nausea: Nausea is not a common symptom of lactose intolerance. While some individuals may experience mild stomach discomfort or cramps, nausea is not typically associated with lactose intolerance.
What is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs)?
- A. Viruses
- B. Bacteria
- C. Fungi
- D. Parasites
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. Among the options provided, bacteria are the most common cause of HAIs. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to cause a wide range of infections in healthcare settings. While viruses, fungi, and parasites can also cause HAIs, bacteria are the most prevalent and significant pathogens responsible for these infections. Proper infection control measures, including hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and antimicrobial stewardship, are essential in preventing and controlling HAIs caused by bacteria.
After water absorption in the large intestine, what waste product remains and is eventually eliminated from the body?
- A. Chyme
- B. Bolus
- C. Glucose
- D. Feces
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Feces. After the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from digested food material, the waste product that remains is feces. Feces consist of undigested food material, bacteria, and waste products that were not absorbed by the body. Choice A, Chyme, is incorrect as chyme is a semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine. Choice B, Bolus, is incorrect as bolus refers to a rounded mass of food that is swallowed. Choice C, Glucose, is incorrect as glucose is a simple sugar that serves as a vital energy source for the body and is not a waste product in this context.
Which type of cartilage allows for smooth movement at joints and absorbs shock?
- A. Hyaline cartilage
- B. Fibrocartilage
- C. Elastic cartilage
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fibrocartilage is the correct answer. It is found in areas requiring both support and resilience, such as the intervertebral discs and knee joints. Fibrocartilage contains collagen fibers for strength and proteoglycans for resilience, making it suitable for functions that involve smooth movement at joints and shock absorption. Hyaline cartilage, while providing structural support, is not primarily responsible for smooth movement and shock absorption. Elastic cartilage is more flexible and is found in locations like the ear and epiglottis, but it is not known for its shock-absorbing properties. Choosing 'None of the above' disregards the correct option of fibrocartilage, which is specifically designed for the functions described in the question.
Which gland produces the hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels?
- A. Pituitary gland
- B. Thyroid gland
- C. Pancreas
- D. Adrenal glands
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is the pancreas. The hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels is insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. The pituitary gland produces various hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, the thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, and the adrenal glands produce hormones involved in the stress response. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in the context of regulating blood sugar levels.