microbiology an introduction 12th edition test bank

microbiology an introduction 12th edition test bank Related

Review microbiology an introduction 12th edition test bank related questions and content

Which of the following is likely to be the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens?

  • A. Skin
  • B. Gastrointestinal tract
  • C. Respiratory tract
  • D. Conjunctiva
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Respiratory tract. The respiratory tract is likely the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens because it is constantly exposed to the external environment and has a large surface area lined with mucous membranes that can trap and facilitate the entry of pathogens. Additionally, the respiratory tract serves as a direct pathway for pathogens to reach the bloodstream and other organs. Skin (choice A) is a physical barrier that can prevent pathogen entry, while the gastrointestinal tract (choice B) has acidic pH and enzymes that can kill many pathogens. Conjunctiva (choice D) is a less common portal of entry compared to the respiratory tract due to its smaller surface area and protective mechanisms such as tears.

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The most rapid rate of drug absorption is achieved by __________ administration.

  • A. on the skin
  • B. intravenous
  • C. intramuscular
  • D. sublingual
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: intravenous administration. This route bypasses the first-pass metabolism, allowing the drug to directly enter the bloodstream for immediate distribution. In contrast, on the skin (A) and sublingual (D) routes have slower absorption rates due to barriers like skin layers or mucous membranes. Intramuscular (C) absorption is slower than intravenous due to slower perfusion rates in muscle tissues. Overall, intravenous administration provides the fastest and most direct route for drug absorption, making it the most rapid method.

Which bacteria are most commonly associated with foodborne illnesses?

  • A. Salmonella enterica
  • B. Escherichia coli
  • C. Vibrio cholerae
  • D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae) are commonly associated with foodborne illnesses. Salmonella causes gastroenteritis, E. coli can lead to severe food poisoning, and Vibrio cholerae causes cholera. Therefore, choosing "All of the above" encompasses the most common bacteria linked to foodborne illnesses. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not cover the full range of bacteria typically involved in foodborne illnesses.

Widal test is used to diagnose

  • A. Syphilis
  • B. Typhoid fever
  • C. AIDS
  • D. Lyme disease
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Widal test is used to diagnose typhoid fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The test detects antibodies produced in response to the bacteria. Positive results indicate a current or past infection with typhoid fever. Choice A (Syphilis) is incorrect as it is diagnosed using different tests like RPR or TPPA. Choice C (AIDS) is diagnosed with HIV tests like ELISA or Western blot. Choice D (Lyme disease) is diagnosed using tests like ELISA or Western blot specific for Borrelia burgdorferi.

Enzymes that remove functional groups from a substrate without adding water, or that add functional groups to a double bond, are called

  • A. oxidoreductases.
  • B. transferases.
  • C. hydrolases.
  • D. lyases.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: lyases. Lyases are enzymes that catalyze the breaking of chemical bonds without the addition of water. They can remove functional groups from substrates or add functional groups to double bonds without the use of water.
A: Oxidoreductases involve the transfer of electrons.
B: Transferases transfer functional groups from one molecule to another.
C: Hydrolases catalyze the breaking of bonds by adding water.

The immunity in syphilis is:

  • A. Nonsterile (infectious)
  • B. Antitoxic
  • C. Humoral
  • D. A + B + C
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because immunity in syphilis is nonsterile, meaning that individuals who have been infected may still carry the bacteria and be capable of transmitting the disease. This is due to the ability of the bacterium causing syphilis, Treponema pallidum, to evade the immune system by hiding within host cells.
Option B, antitoxic, is incorrect because syphilis is not caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria, but rather by the bacterium itself.
Option C, humoral, is also incorrect as syphilis immunity involves both humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated immune responses, not solely humoral immunity.
Option D is incorrect as it includes all three options, whereas in reality, the immunity in syphilis is primarily nonsterile.

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