Nokea
Which of the following is not a complication of menopause?
- A. Fractures
- B. Alzheimer's disease
- C. Congestive heart failure
- D. Painful intercourse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Congestive heart failure is not typically associated with menopause. Menopause is linked to an increased risk of fractures due to bone density loss, a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease due to hormonal changes, and painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness and thinning of tissues. While cardiovascular health can be affected by menopause, congestive heart failure is not a direct complication associated with menopause.
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Amniocentesis, a prenatal diagnostic test used to determine fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities, is based on:
- A. The karyotyping of the amniotic fluid
- B. Chorionic villus sampling
- C. Umbilical cord blood sampling
- D. Ultrasound
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Amniocentesis involves the analysis of the fetal cells present in the amniotic fluid, which is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding the developing fetus. This fluid contains cells shed by the fetus, which can be cultured and analyzed to obtain a karyotype, providing information about the fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because chorionic villus sampling involves obtaining a sample of the chorionic villi from the placenta, not the amniotic fluid; umbilical cord blood sampling is typically used for other purposes like assessing the baby's blood for infections or genetic disorders; and ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that does not involve the analysis of fetal cells for genetic information.
Which of the following is included in a gynecological examination?
- A. Abdominal examination
- B. General and systemic examination
- C. Obstetric exam
- D. Pelvic examination
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct! A gynecological examination typically includes an abdominal examination to assess the overall health of the patient. This includes checking for any abnormalities, tenderness, or masses. General and systemic examinations are also important as they provide valuable information about the patient's overall health status. Pelvic examination is another essential component of a gynecological exam to assess the reproductive organs. Obstetric exams, focusing on pregnant women, are not part of routine gynecological examinations.
Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) does not cause cold sores of the lips:
- A. True.
- B. False.
- C. Depends on the person.
- D. Not enough information.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) typically causes genital herpes, not cold sores on the lips. Cold sores on the lips are commonly caused by herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1). Therefore, the statement that HSV-2 causes cold sores of the lips is incorrect. Choice B, 'False,' is the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect because HSV-2 does not cause cold sores on the lips. Choice C, 'Depends on the person,' is incorrect as the cause of cold sores is predominantly linked to HSV-1. Choice D, 'Not enough information,' is also incorrect as this information is well-established in medical knowledge.
The menstrual disorder in which there is an absence or suppression of the normal menstrual period is called:
- A. Dysmenorrhoea
- B. Polymenorrhoea
- C. Menorrhagia
- D. Amenorrhoea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Amenorrhoea is the correct term for the absence or suppression of the menstrual period. Dysmenorrhoea refers to painful menstruation, Polymenorrhoea is characterized by frequent, short menstrual cycles, and Menorrhagia is excessive menstrual bleeding. Therefore, 'Amenorrhoea' is the most appropriate term for the described menstrual disorder.
Which female reproductive organ is positioned directly posterior to the bladder?
- A. Uterine tube
- B. Vagina
- C. Uterus
- D. Ovaries
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is the uterus. The uterus is positioned directly posterior to the bladder in the female reproductive system. The uterine tube (choice A) is also known as the fallopian tube, which is not positioned directly posterior to the bladder. The vagina (choice B) is located below the uterus and not directly posterior to the bladder. The ovaries (choice D) are located on either side of the uterus, but they are not positioned directly posterior to the bladder.