Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a component of the body's innate immune response?
- A. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
- B. Phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens
- C. Inflammatory response to isolate and contain infection
- D. Production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen is a function of the adaptive immune response, not the innate immune response. Innate immunity involves nonspecific defense mechanisms like physical barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation, which provide immediate protection against pathogens without prior exposure. Antibody production is a characteristic of adaptive immunity, where the body generates specific antibodies in response to encountering a pathogen for the first time. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it does not align with the immediate and nonspecific nature of the innate immune response.
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During gas exchange in the alveoli, what happens to oxygen?
- A. Oxygen is released from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
- B. Oxygen is absorbed from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
- C. Oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide.
- D. Oxygen is stored in the alveoli for later use.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During gas exchange in the alveoli, oxygen is absorbed from the alveoli into the bloodstream. This process occurs due to the difference in partial pressures of oxygen between the alveoli and the bloodstream, causing oxygen to move from an area of higher concentration (alveoli) to an area of lower concentration (bloodstream). Oxygen is then transported by red blood cells to tissues throughout the body for cellular respiration. Choice A is incorrect as oxygen moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream, not the other way around. Choice C is incorrect as oxygen is not converted into carbon dioxide during gas exchange. Choice D is incorrect as oxygen is not stored in the alveoli but rather continuously exchanged with carbon dioxide during respiration.
Imagine you have an element with atomic number 20 and mass number 40. How many neutrons does it have?
- A. 20
- B. 40
- C. 10
- D. 20
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: - The atomic number (Z) represents the number of protons in an atom. In this case, the atomic number is 20.
- The mass number (A) represents the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. In this case, the mass number is 40.
- To find the number of neutrons, you subtract the atomic number from the mass number: Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number.
- Neutrons = 40 - 20 = 20.
- Therefore, the element with atomic number 20 and mass number 40 has 20 neutrons.
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestines, and is responsible for involuntary contractions to propel substances through the organs?
- A. Cardiac muscle
- B. Smooth muscle
- C. Skeletal muscle
- D. Striated muscle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Smooth muscle is the correct answer. It is found in the walls of hollow organs like the stomach and intestines, where it performs involuntary contractions to move substances through these organs. Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, is responsible for pumping blood. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and involved in voluntary movements. Striated muscle is a term often used interchangeably with skeletal muscle, which is responsible for voluntary movements but not typically found in the walls of hollow organs like the stomach and intestines.
What does the concept of punctuated equilibrium suggest?
- A. Evolution occurs gradually through the continuous accumulation of small changes over long periods.
- B. Evolution is characterized by long periods of relative stasis punctuated by rapid bursts of evolutionary change.
- C. The fossil record is a complete and accurate representation of all past life forms.
- D. Natural selection primarily favors extreme phenotypes within a population.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Punctuated equilibrium suggests that evolution is characterized by long periods of relative stasis punctuated by rapid bursts of evolutionary change. This concept, proposed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge, implies that species remain relatively unchanged for extended periods, followed by sudden bursts of rapid evolution. Option A describes the gradualism model, which is different from punctuated equilibrium. Option C is inaccurate as the fossil record is incomplete and biased. Option D is unrelated to the concept of punctuated equilibrium.
Which of the following substances can donate a hydroxide ion (OH-) in solution?
- A. Salt
- B. Base
- C. Neutral compound
- D. Dehydrating agent
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Base. A base is a substance that can donate hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution. Bases increase the concentration of hydroxide ions by either accepting protons (H+) or donating hydroxide ions. Salts are ionic compounds made of cations and anions, which do not directly donate hydroxide ions. Neutral compounds do not significantly affect the concentration of hydroxide ions. Dehydrating agents are substances that remove water molecules from other compounds, unrelated to donating hydroxide ions.