Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical bond?
- A. Ionic bond
- B. Covalent bond
- C. Metallic bond
- D. Gravitational bond
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are all types of chemical bonds that involve the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms. An ionic bond occurs when one atom donates an electron to another, creating positive and negative ions that attract each other. A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration. Metallic bonds are formed between metal atoms where electrons are delocalized and move freely among the metal ions. On the other hand, a gravitational bond is not a type of chemical bond. It refers to the force of attraction between two objects with mass, such as the gravitational force between the Earth and objects on its surface. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Gravitational bond.'
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Which respiratory structure is responsible for the production of mucus to trap particles and for the movement of cilia to sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract?
- A. Trachea
- B. Larynx
- C. Bronchi
- D. Respiratory epithelium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The respiratory epithelium is the correct answer because it is the tissue lining the respiratory tract responsible for producing mucus to trap particles and containing cilia that sweep the mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract. The trachea, larynx, and bronchi are all structures within the respiratory system but do not specifically carry out the functions described in the question. The trachea is a passage for air, the larynx is involved in sound production and protecting the airway, and the bronchi are airway passages that branch from the trachea to the lungs. Only the respiratory epithelium fits the description of producing mucus and utilizing cilia for particle removal in the respiratory tract.
Which statement is TRUE about valence electrons?
- A. They are located in the innermost electron shell.
- B. They have the highest binding energy to the nucleus.
- C. They are most likely to participate in chemical bonding.
- D. They have no influence on the element's chemical properties.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom's electron cloud and are crucial in forming chemical bonds with other atoms. These electrons determine the reactivity and chemical properties of an element, making option C the correct statement. Option A is incorrect as valence electrons are found in the outer shell, not the innermost shell. Option B is incorrect because valence electrons have lower binding energy compared to inner electrons. Option D is incorrect since valence electrons play a significant role in an element's chemical behavior.
Salts are formed by the reaction between:
- A. Two acids
- B. An acid and a base
- C. Two bases
- D. A metal and a nonmetal only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Salts are formed by the reaction between an acid and a base. This reaction is known as a neutralization reaction. In this reaction, the acid donates a proton (H+) to the base, resulting in the formation of water and a salt as the products. Choice A is incorrect because salts are not formed by the reaction of two acids. Choice C is incorrect as salts are not produced by the reaction of two bases. Choice D is incorrect because while salts can be formed from the reaction between a metal and a nonmetal, it is not the only way salts are produced.
How does polarization affect the intensity of light passing through a polarizing filter?
- A. All light passes through regardless of polarization.
- B. Light with the same polarization as the filter passes through, while others are blocked.
- C. Light with higher intensity passes through, while weaker light is blocked.
- D. The intensity is reduced for all light, regardless of polarization.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A polarizing filter only allows light waves with a specific orientation (polarization) to pass through while blocking light waves with different orientations. Therefore, light with the same polarization as the filter will pass through, while light with different polarizations will be blocked. This results in a reduction in intensity for light passing through the polarizing filter. Choice A is incorrect because a polarizing filter selectively filters light based on its polarization. Choice C is incorrect as the intensity of light passing through is determined by its polarization, not solely its intensity. Choice D is incorrect because a polarizing filter affects light based on its polarization, not uniformly reducing the intensity for all light passing through.
What property of matter determines its resistance to changes in shape or size?
- A. Solid
- B. Liquid
- C. Gas
- D. Plasma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Solid.' Solids have a definite shape and volume, providing them with a strong resistance to changes in shape or size. Liquids and gases do not have a definite shape, making them prone to changing shape or size easily. Plasmas, on the other hand, are ionized gases with high energy levels and lack a definite shape or volume, which does not contribute to resistance against changes in shape or size. Therefore, the properties of solids make them best suited for resisting changes in shape or size compared to liquids, gases, and plasmas.