Nokea
Which of the following is not an example of a nonspecific immune response?
- A. Inflammation
- B. Vasodilation
- C. Release of histamine
- D. Production of antibodies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Production of antibodies.' Antibodies are generated as part of the specific immune response, which targets specific antigens. Nonspecific immune responses, such as inflammation, vasodilation, and histamine release, are general defense mechanisms aimed at combating various pathogens. Inflammation is a localized response to infection or injury, vasodilation increases blood flow to the affected area, and histamine release triggers inflammatory responses. It's vital to differentiate between nonspecific responses that provide immediate, general protection and specific responses designed to tackle particular threats.
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Enlargement of the thyroid, commonly known as a goiter, might be expected to affect ___________.
- A. swallowing
- B. insulin levels
- C. sleep
- D. digestion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Enlargement of the thyroid, known as a goiter, can compress the nearby structures in the neck, including the esophagus. This compression can lead to symptoms such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or a sensation of pressure in the throat. Therefore, an enlarged thyroid gland is expected to affect swallowing. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a goiter primarily affects structures in the neck due to its physical enlargement, rather than directly impacting insulin levels, sleep, or digestion.
Which structure of the respiratory system is involved in gas exchange?
- A. Trachea
- B. Bronchioles
- C. Alveoli
- D. Larynx
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The alveoli are the primary site for gas exchange in the respiratory system. These tiny air sacs in the lungs are where oxygen is taken up into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released from the bloodstream into the lungs to be exhaled. The trachea (Choice A) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs but is not directly involved in gas exchange. Bronchioles (Choice B) are smaller airway branches that lead to the alveoli but do not participate in gas exchange themselves. The larynx (Choice D) plays a role in producing sound and protecting the airway but is not primarily responsible for gas exchange.
Why might certain young people be underweight?
- A. They are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight.
- B. They eat little protein and too much fat and sugar.
- C. They eat several meals a day and fail to exercise enough.
- D. They seldom eat a meal that contains foods from all food groups.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Certain young people might be underweight because they are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight. During periods of rapid growth, the body's energy requirements are primarily directed towards height growth rather than weight gain, resulting in some individuals being underweight despite consuming sufficient calories. Choice B is incorrect because the question focuses on reasons related to growth rather than diet composition. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests overeating rather than the specific growth-related issue of height surpassing weight gain. Choice D is incorrect as it addresses nutritional variety rather than the growth dynamics affecting weight.
How might an injury to the parietal lobe impact an individual?
- A. Breathing
- B. Attention
- C. Memory
- D. Perception
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An injury to the parietal lobe can impact an individual's perception, affecting their ability to interpret sensory information such as touch, spatial orientation, and recognizing objects. The parietal lobe is crucial for integrating sensory information and creating a coherent perception of the surrounding world. Damage to this area can lead to challenges with spatial awareness, object recognition, and accurate processing of sensory input. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because breathing, attention, and memory are primarily associated with other brain regions such as the brainstem, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe respectively, not the parietal lobe.
Which plane would you use to separate the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity?
- A. Sagittal
- B. Transverse
- C. Frontal
- D. Coronal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The transverse plane, also known as the horizontal plane, runs horizontally from left to right, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. This plane is ideal for separating the abdominal cavity (located below) from the thoracic cavity (located above). The sagittal plane (choice A) divides the body into left and right portions, the frontal plane (choice C) divides the body into front and back portions, and the coronal plane (choice D) is another term for the frontal plane. Therefore, when looking to separate the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity, the transverse plane is the most appropriate choice.