Nokea
Which of the following is not an example of a nonspecific immune response?
- A. Inflammation
- B. Vasodilation
- C. Release of histamine
- D. Production of antibodies
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Production of antibodies.' Antibodies are generated as part of the specific immune response, which targets specific antigens. Nonspecific immune responses, such as inflammation, vasodilation, and histamine release, are general defense mechanisms aimed at combating various pathogens. Inflammation is a localized response to infection or injury, vasodilation increases blood flow to the affected area, and histamine release triggers inflammatory responses. It's vital to differentiate between nonspecific responses that provide immediate, general protection and specific responses designed to tackle particular threats.
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Enlargement of the thyroid, commonly known as a goiter, might be expected to affect ___________.
- A. swallowing
- B. insulin levels
- C. sleep
- D. digestion
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Enlargement of the thyroid, known as a goiter, can compress the nearby structures in the neck, including the esophagus. This compression can lead to symptoms such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or a sensation of pressure in the throat. Therefore, an enlarged thyroid gland is expected to affect swallowing. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a goiter primarily affects structures in the neck due to its physical enlargement, rather than directly impacting insulin levels, sleep, or digestion.
Why might certain young people be underweight?
- A. They are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight.
- B. They eat little protein and too much fat and sugar.
- C. They eat several meals a day and fail to exercise enough.
- D. They seldom eat a meal that contains foods from all food groups.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Certain young people might be underweight because they are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight. During periods of rapid growth, the body's energy requirements are primarily directed towards height growth rather than weight gain, resulting in some individuals being underweight despite consuming sufficient calories. Choice B is incorrect because the question focuses on reasons related to growth rather than diet composition. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests overeating rather than the specific growth-related issue of height surpassing weight gain. Choice D is incorrect as it addresses nutritional variety rather than the growth dynamics affecting weight.
Which gland is located superior to the kidney?
- A. Pituitary
- B. Adrenal
- C. Hypothalamus
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The adrenal gland is located superior to the kidney. Each kidney is surrounded by an adrenal gland, also known as the suprarenal gland, situated on top of the kidneys. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain, while the hypothalamus (C) is also in the brain, above the pituitary gland. The pancreas (D) is located in the abdomen, near the stomach and small intestine, not superior to the kidney.
In the human body, the ribs are ___________ to the lungs.
- A. medial
- B. superior
- C. anterior
- D. deep
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: anterior.' The term 'anterior' refers to a position in front of or toward the front of the body. In this case, the ribs are positioned in front of the lungs when considering the anatomical position. The term 'medial' means toward the midline of the body, 'superior' means above or higher in position, and 'deep' refers to a position farther from the surface or external part. Therefore, the most appropriate choice is 'anterior' when describing the relationship between the ribs and the lungs.
What is the normal pH of human arterial blood?
- A. 6.8
- B. 7.4
- C. 7.9
- D. 8.2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The normal pH of human arterial blood is approximately 7.4. This slightly alkaline pH is crucial for the proper functioning of enzymes and biochemical processes in the body. Any significant deviation from this pH level can result in serious health issues such as acidosis or alkalosis. Choice A (6.8) is incorrect as it is lower than the normal pH of arterial blood, indicating acidity. Choice C (7.9) and Choice D (8.2) are incorrect as they are higher than the normal pH of arterial blood, indicating alkalinity.