Nokea
Which of the following is NOT part of innate immunity?
- A. Cytokine secretion
- B. Natural killer (NK) cell activity
- C. B cell antibody production
- D. Phagocytosis by macrophages
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because B cell antibody production is part of adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense and includes mechanisms like cytokine secretion, NK cell activity, and phagocytosis by macrophages. B cells are part of the adaptive immune response, producing antibodies specific to pathogens upon exposure. This distinction is crucial in understanding the different roles innate and adaptive immunity play in protecting the body.
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Which cell type bridges innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. NK cells
- B. Dendritic cells
- C. Plasma cells
- D. Mast cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity by capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses. NK cells (A) are part of innate immunity, while plasma cells (C) produce antibodies in adaptive immunity. Mast cells (D) are involved in allergic responses, not bridging innate and adaptive immunity.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis typically have pain:
- A. With activity.
- B. Upon awakening.
- C. Late in the evening.
- D. All day without remission.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis often causes morning stiffness and pain upon awakening due to inflammation and lack of movement during sleep. Pain tends to improve with activity as joints warm up.
A couple lost a second baby to miscarriage. They are both considering having genetic testing done before trying to get pregnant again. What should the nurse include when teaching about genetic testing?
- A. A particular genetic test will tell them if there is a specific genetic change.
- B. The test results will identify the diseases their children will inherit from them.
- C. Genetic testing will determine if they are predisposed to developing a genetic disease.
- D. Genetic testing kits that are available on the Internet are just as good and less costly than going to a genetic counselor.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Genetic testing can identify specific genetic changes responsible for miscarriages but cannot predict all diseases or replace professional counseling.
How many Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found in humans?
- A. 5
- B. 8
- C. 10
- D. 12
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 10. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of proteins involved in the innate immune response. In humans, there are 10 known TLRs that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Each TLR is specific to different types of pathogens, allowing for a diverse recognition and response system. Therefore, the correct answer is 10. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not match the known number of TLRs in humans, which is 10.
Which of the following statements concerned with multiple sclerosis (MS) is correct?
- A. Genetic factors seem to play a role in predisposition to develop MS
- B. Predisposition to develop MS does not seem to have an environmental component
- C. MS is more common in Central and South America than in North America
- D. The disease seems to be mediated primarily by autoantibodies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Option A is correct because genetic factors have been identified as playing a role in predisposition to develop MS. Studies have shown a higher risk among individuals with family history. Option B is incorrect because environmental factors, such as vitamin D levels and viral infections, are known to influence MS development. Option C is incorrect as MS is more prevalent in North America and Europe. Option D is incorrect because MS is primarily mediated by T-cell responses, not autoantibodies.