Nokea
Which of the following is not part of the body's secondary defense system?
- A. Macrophages
- B. Leukocytes
- C. T cells
- D. Cilia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cilia are not part of the body's secondary defense system. They are hair-like structures primarily involved in movement and transporting substances across cell surfaces, such as in the respiratory tract for debris and pathogen removal. However, cilia do not play a direct role in the immune response mechanisms characteristic of the body's secondary defense system. Macrophages, leukocytes, and T cells are immune cells that actively participate in the secondary defense system by targeting and eliminating pathogens.
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Where is a gallstone most likely to cause pain?
- A. In the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
- B. In the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
- C. In the umbilical region
- D. Along the pelvic girdle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A gallstone is most likely to cause pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. This specific area corresponds to the location of the gallbladder. When a gallstone blocks the flow of bile from the gallbladder, it can lead to inflammation and pain in this region. The pain may also radiate to the back or right shoulder blade due to referred pain patterns associated with gallbladder issues. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because gallstone pain is typically felt in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, not the lower right quadrant, umbilical region, or along the pelvic girdle.
What does the parathyroid hormone regulate?
- A. Magnesium
- B. Calcium
- C. Calcitonin
- D. Glucocorticoids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The parathyroid hormone primarily regulates calcium levels in the blood. It acts to increase calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting the conversion of vitamin D to its active form, which aids in calcium absorption from the intestines. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the parathyroid hormone does not play a significant role in the regulation of magnesium (Choice A), calcitonin (Choice C), or glucocorticoids (Choice D).
Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?
- A. Skeletal muscle makes up 40% of the body's weight.
- B. Skeletal muscle attaches to bones by tendons.
- C. Muscle contraction is not involved in temperature regulation.
- D. Skeletal muscles contract only when in use.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct statement is that skeletal muscle attaches to bones through tendons, enabling movement. Tendons connect muscles to bones and allow the force generated by muscle contraction to be transmitted to the bones, facilitating voluntary movements. Choice A is incorrect because skeletal muscle typically makes up around 40-50% of an individual's body weight, not a fixed 40%. Choice C is incorrect as muscle contraction plays a vital role in temperature regulation by generating heat. Choice D is incorrect as skeletal muscles may have constant low-level contractions even at rest, known as muscle tone.
Which mineral is considered an antioxidant?
- A. Selenium
- B. Calcium
- C. Sulfur
- D. Iron
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Selenium is the correct answer. It is considered an antioxidant mineral that plays a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. Selenium is an essential component of the body's antioxidant defense system, promoting overall health and well-being. Calcium (Choice B), Sulfur (Choice C), and Iron (Choice D) are not typically classified as antioxidant minerals. While these minerals have other important functions in the body, they do not primarily act as antioxidants like selenium.
What is the average normal body temperature in degrees Celsius?
- A. 30°C
- B. 32°C
- C. 35°C
- D. 37°C
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The average normal body temperature in degrees Celsius is 37°C. This temperature is considered the standard measurement for the human body under normal conditions. It is essential to know this baseline temperature for monitoring health and detecting abnormalities such as fever. Choice A, 30°C, is too low for the average normal body temperature. Choice B, 32°C, is also below the standard normal body temperature. Choice C, 35°C, is closer but still lower than the average normal body temperature of 37°C.