Nokea
Which of the following is NOT true about live attenuated vaccines
- A. Usually effective at a single dose
- B. Expensive handling and storage
- C. Potential hazard due to reversion to a virulent form
- D. Able to induce only a humoral response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Able to induce only a humoral response. Live attenuated vaccines can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, not just humoral. This is because they mimic natural infection, leading to a broader immune response.
A: Usually effective at a single dose - This is true for live attenuated vaccines, as they often provide long-lasting immunity with just one dose.
B: Expensive handling and storage - Live attenuated vaccines can be more cost-effective due to fewer doses needed, not expensive.
C: Potential hazard due to reversion to a virulent form - This is a concern with live attenuated vaccines, as there is a risk of the weakened virus reverting to a virulent form.
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The nurse notes that a patient's eosinophil level is elevated. For which health problem should the nurse plan care for this patient?
- A. Cancer
- B. Allergic reactions
- C. Acute viral infections
- D. Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated eosinophil level indicates an allergic reaction. Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in allergic responses. They increase in response to allergens. Allergic reactions involve the immune system's response to harmless substances, triggering the release of eosinophils. Cancer, acute viral infections, and autoimmune diseases typically do not directly cause eosinophil elevation. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Allergic reactions).
The nurse is caring for a patient who just returned from surgical decompression of the carpal tunnel. Which finding requires the nurse's immediate action?
- A. The patient's fingers swollen and warm.
- B. The patient complains of generalized pain 5/10.
- C. The capillary refill time is 8 seconds.
- D. The patient's fingers are pink and cool bilaterally.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a capillary refill time of 8 seconds indicates poor perfusion, which could be a sign of compromised blood flow to the fingers post-surgical decompression. This finding requires immediate action to prevent complications such as ischemia or impaired wound healing.
A: Swollen and warm fingers are expected after surgery due to inflammation.
B: Generalized pain can be managed with appropriate pain relief measures and is not an immediate concern post-surgery.
D: Pink and cool fingers indicate adequate perfusion and are normal findings post-surgery.
Identify the incorrect statement in regard to immunoglobulins (Ig)
- A. Are made up of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
- B. Cannot recognize conformational antigens on viral particles
- C. Can recognize only exposed epitopes of pathogens
- D. Expressed early during B cell development on the membrane of B cell precursors (pre- B cells)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because immunoglobulins can indeed recognize conformational antigens on viral particles. Immunoglobulins have variable regions that can bind to a wide range of antigen shapes. Choice A is correct as Ig structure consists of two light and two heavy chains. Choice C is incorrect as immunoglobulins can also bind to internal epitopes. Choice D is incorrect as Ig expression starts during the late B cell development stage.
A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is admitted to the hospital for evaluation and management of acute joint inflammation. Which information obtained in the admission laboratory testing concerns you most?
- A. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is elevated.
- B. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level is increased.
- C. The anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test is positive.
- D. The lupus erythematosus (LE) cell prep is positive.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An elevated BUN level may indicate kidney involvement which is a serious complication of SLE. The other findings are expected in SLE and do not indicate an urgent problem. CRP is a marker of inflammation and positive ANA and LE cell prep are diagnostic of SLE but do not indicate acute complications.
Which mutated tumor suppressor gene is most likely to contribute to many types of cancer, including bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung?
- A. p53
- B. APC
- C. BRCA1
- D. BRCA2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The p53 gene is a critical tumor suppressor gene involved in preventing cancer by regulating the cell cycle and initiating apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with many types of cancer.