Nokea
Which of the following is the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood?
- A. Hematocrit
- B. Hemoglobin
- C. Mean corpuscular volume
- D. Reticulocyte count
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Hematocrit.' Hematocrit is the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. It is used to diagnose conditions such as anemia and dehydration. Choice B, 'Hemoglobin,' measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, not the percentage of red blood cells. Choice C, 'Mean corpuscular volume,' measures the average volume of a red blood cell, not the percentage of red blood cells. Choice D, 'Reticulocyte count,' measures the percentage of young red blood cells in the blood, not the percentage of red blood cells.
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An occurrence of too high a concentration of which of the following electrolytes is associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
- A. chloride
- B. phosphorus
- C. potassium
- D. sodium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is potassium. High levels of potassium in the blood, known as hyperkalemia, can lead to cardiac arrhythmias by affecting the electrical activity of the heart. This can disrupt the normal rhythm of the heart and lead to serious complications. Chloride, phosphorus, and sodium imbalances are not typically associated with cardiac arrhythmias, making them incorrect choices.
Which of the following types of cells is primarily responsible for the destruction of old cells and invasive micro-organisms?
- A. Basophils
- B. Eosinophils
- C. B-cells
- D. Macrophages
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by engulfing and digesting cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and old or damaged cells. Basophils are primarily involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, eosinophils combat multicellular parasites and have a role in allergic reactions, and B-cells are responsible for producing antibodies. Therefore, the correct answer is macrophages as they are specialized in phagocytosis and removal of unwanted cells and microorganisms.
Which of the following ions is most abundant in extracellular fluid?
- A. Calcium
- B. Chloride
- C. Sodium
- D. Potassium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sodium is the most abundant ion in extracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Calcium (Choice A) is mainly found in bones and teeth, Chloride (Choice B) is the major anion in extracellular fluid but not the most abundant ion, and Potassium (Choice D) is found predominantly inside cells.
Which of the following bones is a component of the appendicular skeleton?
- A. Xiphoid process
- B. Symphysis pubis
- C. Sacrum
- D. Sternum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Symphysis pubis. The symphysis pubis is a component of the appendicular skeleton, specifically part of the pelvic girdle. The xiphoid process (Choice A) is part of the axial skeleton, located at the lower end of the sternum. The sacrum (Choice C) is also part of the axial skeleton, forming the posterior part of the pelvis. The sternum (Choice D) is part of the axial skeleton, located in the center of the chest.
What is the maximum capacity of a normal adult bladder before involuntary micturition is likely to occur?
- A. 800-900ml
- B. 300-600ml
- C. 1000-2000ml
- D. 400-700ml
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 300-600ml. A normal adult bladder can hold approximately 300-600ml of urine before the urge to urinate becomes strong and involuntary micturition is likely to occur. Choice A (800-900ml), Choice C (1000-2000ml), and Choice D (400-700ml) all exceed the typical capacity of a normal adult bladder and would generally not be accurate in the context of involuntary micturition.