Nokea
Which of the following is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
- A. Graves' disease
- B. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- C. Iatrogenic hypothyroidism
- D. Iodine deficiency
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. Iodine is an essential mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland is unable to produce an adequate amount of thyroid hormones, leading to hypothyroidism. Areas with low iodine levels in the soil or water are more prone to iodine deficiency, which can result in a range of thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism. Efforts to prevent iodine deficiency include iodized salt programs and dietary interventions to ensure an adequate intake of iodine.
You may also like to solve these questions
The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are found on the ______.
- A. plasma membrane
- B. nuclear envelope
- C. mitochondria
- D. lysosomes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are typically found on the plasma membrane of target cells. These hormones are large or polar molecules that cannot easily diffuse through the cell membrane. Instead, they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, initiating signaling pathways that eventually lead to changes within the cell. Once the peptide hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane, secondary messenger systems are activated to relay the signal into the cell and initiate the appropriate cellular response. This distinct mechanism of action highlights the importance of the plasma membrane as the location of receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones.
Effect of diabetes on foetus includes all except:
- A. Microsomia
- B. Hyperbilirubinaemia
- C. Stillbirth
- D. Open neural tube defect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperbilirubinemia is not a common effect of diabetes on the fetus. The correct effects of diabetes on the fetus include:
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excretion is increased in urine in:
- A. Conn's syndrome
- B. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- C. Testicular feminization syndrome
- D. Phaeochromocytoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite of catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Phaeochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor that arises from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla or sympathetic ganglia. As a result of the increased production of catecholamines in patients with phaeochromocytoma, there is an increase in VMA excretion in the urine. This increase in VMA excretion is a significant diagnostic feature of phaeochromocytoma and helps in its detection through urine testing. Therefore, the correct choice is D. Phaeochromocytoma.
Upper segment > lower segment of body is found in all (in dwarfism) except:
- A. Pituitary dwarf
- B. Cretinism
- C. Achondroplasia
- D. Juvenile myxedema
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In dwarfism conditions, the upper body segment being greater than the lower body segment is a characteristic feature seen in Achondroplasia. This condition results in a disproportionately short stature with short limbs but a trunk of normal length.
Charcot joint in diabetes mellitus commonly affects:
- A. Hip
- B. Shoulder
- C. Knee
- D. Foot
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Charcot joint, also known as neuropathic arthropathy, is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the joints. It commonly affects the foot, especially the midfoot and hindfoot. The condition is characterized by joint deformities, fractures, and dislocations due to nerve damage and loss of sensation in the foot. The repetitive stress on the foot from walking or weight-bearing activities can lead to progressive joint destruction and deformity. It is important for individuals with diabetes to monitor their foot health closely and seek prompt medical attention if they notice any changes or deformities in their feet.