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Which of the following is the MOST common symptom of angina pectoris, a condition related to insufficient blood flow to the heart?
- A. Fever and chills.
- B. Chest pain or discomfort.
- C. Sudden onset of severe shortness of breath.
- D. Numbness or tingling in the extremities.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom of angina pectoris. This pain is often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness, or pain in the chest. Fever and chills, sudden onset of severe shortness of breath, and numbness or tingling in the extremities are not typical symptoms of angina pectoris. The pain associated with angina is usually triggered by physical or emotional stress and typically subsides with rest or medication, distinguishing it from other conditions.
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What is the law that states energy can neither be created nor destroyed?
- A. Law of Conservation of Matter
- B. Law of Conservation of Energy
- C. Law of Universal Gravitation
- D. Law of Inertia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is the Law of Conservation of Energy. This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The Law of Conservation of Matter (Choice A) is related to mass and the preservation of mass in a closed system, not energy. The Law of Universal Gravitation (Choice C) describes the force of attraction between objects with mass. The Law of Inertia (Choice D) states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid?
- A. Stearic acid
- B. Palmitic acid
- C. Oleic acid
- D. Butyric acid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Oleic acid is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid because it contains one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, leading to kinks in the chain structure. This unsaturation gives it a lower melting point compared to saturated fatty acids. Stearic acid (A), Palmitic acid (B), and Butyric acid (D) are examples of saturated fatty acids as they do not contain any double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains, leading to a straight structure and higher melting points.
What is the process by which a cell divides to produce two daughter cells?
- A. Mitosis
- B. Meiosis
- C. Differentiation
- D. Transformation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process of cell division that results in the production of two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. Meiosis, while also involving cell division, leads to the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Differentiation is the specialization of cells for specific functions, not the process of cell division. Transformation involves a cell incorporating foreign DNA into its genome, which is unrelated to the division of a cell into two daughter cells.
Which of the following scenarios represents an example of static friction?
- A. Sliding a heavy box across the floor
- B. A car moving around a curve
- C. Pushing a stationary object
- D. Braking a car to stop
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Static friction occurs when two surfaces are in contact but not moving relative to each other. Pushing a stationary object involves static friction as you apply a force to overcome the friction keeping the object stationary. Choices A, B, and D involve kinetic friction, which occurs when two surfaces are moving relative to each other. Option A involves moving the box across the floor, which is an example of kinetic friction. Option B involves the movement of a car around a curve, which also relates to kinetic friction due to the relative movement between the tires and the road. Option D describes braking a car to stop, where the moving car's wheels interact with the road, creating kinetic friction to slow down and stop the car.
Which nervous system controls the involuntary 'fight-or-flight' response?
- A. Sympathetic nervous system
- B. Parasympathetic nervous system
- C. Enteric nervous system
- D. Sensory nervous system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for activating the body's response to stress or danger, leading to the 'fight-or-flight' response. It prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. Choice B, the parasympathetic nervous system, is responsible for the body's 'rest-and-digest' activities, which are opposite to the 'fight-or-flight' response. Choice C, the enteric nervous system, primarily regulates the gastrointestinal system and is not directly involved in the 'fight-or-flight' response. Choice D, the sensory nervous system, transmits sensory information from the body to the central nervous system and is not responsible for the physiological changes associated with the 'fight-or-flight' response.