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Which of the following is the RATIONALE for instilling eye drops to patients who had eye surgery?
- A. To help control the intra-ocular pressure
- B. To treat an eye infection
- C. To dilate the patient's pupils
- D. To constrict the patient's pupils
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A: To help control the intra-ocular pressure
Rationale:
1. Eye surgery can lead to increased intra-ocular pressure.
2. Instilling eye drops can help reduce this pressure post-surgery.
3. Controlling intra-ocular pressure is crucial for proper healing and preventing complications.
4. Eye drops for infection (B) or pupil dilation/constriction (C, D) are not primary concerns post-eye surgery.
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Which of the following dental conditions is characterized by the wearing away of tooth structure due to friction from external sources such as toothbrushing or abrasive toothpaste?
- A. Dental caries
- B. Attrition
- C. Abrasion
- D. Erosion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Abrasion. Abrasion is the wearing away of tooth structure due to friction from external sources like toothbrushing or abrasive toothpaste. Dental caries (A) refers to tooth decay caused by bacteria. Attrition (B) is the wearing down of tooth structure due to tooth-to-tooth contact. Erosion (D) is the loss of tooth structure from acid attacks, not friction. Therefore, option C is the most fitting choice based on the description given.
Which of the following structures is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice?
- A. Liver
- B. Gallbladder
- C. Pancreas
- D. Spleen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is responsible for producing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. It secretes enzymes like amylase, lipase, and protease to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine. The bicarbonate-rich juice helps neutralize stomach acid. The liver (A) produces bile stored in the gallbladder (B), which aids in fat digestion. The spleen (D) is involved in immune function and blood filtration, not digestive enzyme production.
Which of the following actions should be taken first when encountering a person experiencing an allergic reaction with signs of respiratory distress?
- A. Administer an epinephrine auto-injector.
- B. Position the person comfortably.
- C. Monitor vital signs.
- D. Assess the severity of the reaction.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Assess the severity of the reaction. This should be the first action taken because it helps determine the urgency of the situation and guides subsequent steps. Assessing the severity allows for appropriate intervention - from calling emergency services if the reaction is severe, to administering medication if necessary.
A: Administering an epinephrine auto-injector should only be done if the severity of the reaction warrants it, as it is a potent medication that can have serious side effects if used inappropriately.
B: Positioning the person comfortably is important, but assessing the severity of the reaction takes precedence to ensure prompt and appropriate care.
C: Monitoring vital signs is important, but assessing the severity of the reaction is crucial in determining the immediate course of action.
Which of the following structures is responsible for the initial mechanical breakdown of food during mastication?
- A. Tongue
- B. Pharynx
- C. Salivary glands
- D. Teeth
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Teeth. Teeth are responsible for the initial mechanical breakdown of food during mastication. Step 1: Teeth use their hard surfaces to chew and grind food into smaller pieces. Step 2: This process increases the surface area of the food, making it easier for digestive enzymes to break down. Step 3: The tongue aids in moving the food around the mouth but does not break down the food mechanically. Pharynx is responsible for swallowing, not mastication. Salivary glands produce saliva that helps in the lubrication and digestion of food, but they do not directly participate in the mechanical breakdown of food.
A patient presents with sudden-onset, painless vision loss in the right eye. Fundoscopic examination reveals a cherry-red spot at the macula and attenuated retinal vessels. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Central retinal artery occlusion
- B. Central retinal vein occlusion
- C. Retinal detachment
- D. Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Central retinal artery occlusion. This condition presents with sudden-onset, painless vision loss, cherry-red spot at the macula due to lack of blood flow, and attenuated retinal vessels. The cherry-red spot is due to the transparency of the fovea when there is ischemia in the surrounding retina. Central retinal vein occlusion (B) presents with sudden vision loss accompanied by retinal hemorrhages and dilated tortuous veins. Retinal detachment (C) typically presents with sudden flashes, floaters, and a curtain-like visual field defect. Acute angle-closure glaucoma (D) presents with severe eye pain, blurred vision, halos around lights, and a fixed mid-dilated pupil.