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Which of the following is true about subjective distress?
- A. All individuals with mental illness experience some degree of distress
- B. Distress is the only criterion in diagnosing abnormality
- C. Its presence is enough for a clinician to determine if someone has a mental illness
- D. Some individuals with a mental disorder may not experience subjective distress
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Subjective distress is not universal among individuals with a mental disorder. Choice A is incorrect as not all individuals with mental illness experience distress. Choice B is incorrect because distress is just one of the criteria used in diagnosing abnormality, not the only one. Choice C is incorrect because the presence of subjective distress alone is not sufficient for a clinician to determine if someone has a mental illness.
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David believes that characters in a popular science fiction show are secretly sending him messages. This would be an example of a delusion of?
- A. Persecution
- B. Influence
- C. Reference
- D. Grandeur
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reference. A delusion of reference is when an individual believes that external events or characters are sending them personal messages. In this scenario, David's belief that characters from the science fiction show are sending him messages aligns with a delusion of reference. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because persecution delusions involve feeling targeted or harassed, influence delusions involve believing external forces are controlling one's thoughts or actions, and grandeur delusions involve an exaggerated sense of importance or power.
Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain?
- A. If all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
- B. By observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
- C. If we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
- D. If we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The functionalist perspective, as used by Dr. Lee, focuses on understanding the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. This perspective suggests that to fully comprehend pain perception, one must first grasp the significance of pain in terms of its adaptive functions and impact on behavior. Choices A, B, and D do not align with the functionalist perspective, as they do not emphasize the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
A baby throws its arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noise or when its head falls. Which reflex is this?
- A. Babinski
- B. Palmar
- C. Darwinian
- D. Moro
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Moro. The Moro reflex is an instinctual response seen in infants when they experience a sudden loss of support or loud noise. The baby will throw their arms out and then bring them back in, resembling an embrace. This reflex is important for survival as it helps the infant react to potential dangers. Choice A, Babinski, refers to the reflex where a baby's toes spread apart when the sole of the foot is stimulated. Choice B, Palmar, is related to the reflex where a baby's fingers close tightly around an object placed in their palm. Choice C, Darwinian, is not a recognized reflex in this context.
Classical and operant conditioning theories are classified under _________________, while sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory fall under ________________.?
- A. Psychodynamic; cognitive
- B. Learning; behavior modelling
- C. Behavioral; sociocultural
- D. Centration; cognitive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Classical and operant conditioning theories are forms of learning theories, making them fall under the category of cognitive theories. On the other hand, sociocultural theory and Piaget's theory are cognitive theories that focus on how individuals perceive and process information, hence correctly classified under cognitive theories. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the classifications of the specified theories.
Who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior?
- A. John Watson
- B. Abraham Maslow
- C. G. Stanley Hall
- D. Sigmund Freud
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is John Watson. Watson, a key figure in behaviorism, believed that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than consciousness. Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory and humanistic psychology, not for advocating the study of behavior over consciousness. G. Stanley Hall was a pioneer in psychology but did not propose replacing the study of consciousness with behavior. Sigmund Freud, a prominent figure in psychoanalysis, focused on the unconscious mind rather than behavior.