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Which of the following is true regarding adipocytes?
- A. They are involved in the secretion of glucose.
- B. They are responsible for storing the fat found in adipose tissue.
- C. They are critical in the digestive breakdown of fat.
- D. They are the foundational element of muscles.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Adipocytes are responsible for storing the fat found in adipose tissue. These specialized cells store energy in the form of fat and play a key role in energy balance and metabolism. Adipocytes do not secrete glucose; that function is typically attributed to other cells like pancreatic beta cells. Adipocytes are not involved in the digestive breakdown of fat, as this process primarily occurs in the gastrointestinal system with the help of enzymes. Adipocytes are distinct from the foundational elements of muscles, which are primarily made up of muscle fibers and associated connective tissues.
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Which of the following items is NOT a primary function of a healthy immune system?
- A. The immune system helps the body avoid infections.
- B. The immune system detects infections.
- C. The immune system eliminates infections.
- D. The immune system creates infections.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. The primary functions of a healthy immune system do not involve creating infections. A healthy immune system helps the body avoid infections by providing defense mechanisms, detects infections by recognizing harmful pathogens, and eliminates infections by attacking and clearing out pathogens. Creating infections goes against the protective role of the immune system and is not a function it performs. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are correct functions of a healthy immune system, while choice D is incorrect.
What is the process called in which a substance changes from a gas to a liquid?
- A. Condensation.
- B. Evaporation.
- C. Sublimation.
- D. Vaporization.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Condensation is indeed the correct answer. It is the process by which a substance changes from a gas to a liquid. This occurs when the temperature of a gas decreases enough for its particles to lose energy and come together to form a liquid. On the other hand, evaporation is the process of a liquid changing to a gas. Sublimation is the direct transition of a substance from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase. Vaporization, on the other hand, is the general term for the process of a liquid changing to a gas, which includes both evaporation and boiling.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic mechanism?
- A. Shivering when the body temperature falls.
- B. Increasing heart rate when blood pressure is low.
- C. Weight gain when consuming excess calories.
- D. Secreting insulin to decrease blood sugar concentration.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Weight gain when consuming excess calories is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. The other options listed (A, B, and D) involve physiological responses aimed at restoring balance or stability within the body (e.g., regulating body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels). Shivering, increasing heart rate, and secreting insulin are mechanisms to counteract specific imbalances and maintain internal equilibrium. In contrast, weight gain due to excess calorie intake does not represent a specific regulatory mechanism but rather an outcome of energy imbalance. The body stores excess energy as fat rather than actively regulating a physiological parameter to restore balance.
Which of the following terms describes the enlargement of an organ or tissue?
- A. Dystrophy
- B. Atrophy
- C. Hypertrophy
- D. Eutrophy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of an organ or tissue, typically due to an increase in the size of individual cells. This can occur in response to increased workload, hormonal stimulation, or other factors. On the other hand, dystrophy refers to the degeneration and deterioration of tissue, atrophy describes the decrease in the size of an organ or tissue, and eutrophy denotes a state of normal nutrition or growth. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Hypertrophy' as it specifically relates to the increase in size or volume of an organ or tissue.
During the process of oogenesis, primary oocytes produce:
- A. sperm.
- B. eggs.
- C. oogonia.
- D. stem cells.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During the process of oogenesis, primary oocytes undergo meiosis to develop into secondary oocytes, which are the matured eggs released during ovulation for potential fertilization. Therefore, primary oocytes produce eggs, not sperm, oogonia, or stem cells, during oogenesis. Choice A (sperm) is incorrect as sperm is produced through spermatogenesis in males. Choice C (oogonia) is incorrect as oogonia are the cells that give rise to primary oocytes but are not the direct product of primary oocytes. Choice D (stem cells) is incorrect as primary oocytes do not directly produce stem cells during oogenesis.