Nokea
Which of the following layers of skin acts as an energy reserve by storing adipocytes and releasing them into circulation when energy is needed?
- A. epidermis
- B. dermis
- C. hypodermis
- D. stratum basale
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous tissue, is the deepest layer of the skin. This layer contains adipocytes (fat cells) that act as an energy reserve by storing excess energy in the form of fat. When energy is needed, these stored fats can be released into circulation to be used by the body's cells. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, primarily responsible for providing a protective barrier. The dermis lies between the epidermis and hypodermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, and structures like hair follicles and sweat glands. The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis, responsible for cell renewal and regeneration.
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Which of the following describes the muscular organ that processes food material into increasingly smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva to create a bolus, and creates a barrier to transport food into the esophagus?
- A. pharynx
- B. tongue
- C. diaphragm
- D. stomach
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The tongue is the muscular organ responsible for manipulating food material in the mouth, breaking it down into smaller pieces, and mixing it with saliva to form a bolus. It also plays a crucial role in pushing the food bolus towards the back of the mouth to facilitate swallowing and transport the food into the esophagus. The pharynx is involved in swallowing and directing food to the esophagus after it passes the mouth. The diaphragm is a muscle involved in the breathing process, not food processing. The stomach is an organ responsible for further digestion of food after it passes through the esophagus.
Which of the following is a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in adaptive immunity by seeking out, attacking, and destroying targeted pathogens?
- A. memory B cells
- B. neutrophils
- C. antibodies
- D. cytotoxic T cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells are a type of white blood cell that is crucial in adaptive immunity. They are specialized in recognizing and destroying infected or abnormal cells in the body. Neutrophils are primarily involved in innate immunity, providing rapid response to infections. Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells and are essential in specific immune responses, but they do not directly attack pathogens. Memory B cells are part of the adaptive immune response, responsible for mounting a quicker and stronger response upon re-exposure to a pathogen. However, they do not directly seek out and destroy pathogens like cytotoxic T cells do.
Water is capable of dissolving many substances that organisms need to carry out life functions. Which of the properties of water listed below is responsible for its ability to dissolve important nutrients like ionic salt compounds?
- A. adhesion
- B. cohesion
- C. high specific heat
- D. high polarity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The property of water that is responsible for its ability to dissolve important nutrients like ionic salt compounds is its high polarity. Water is a polar molecule with a positive and negative end, which allows it to attract and surround individual ions from salt compounds, causing them to dissociate and dissolve in water. This property makes water an excellent solvent for various substances necessary for life functions. Adhesion refers to the ability of water molecules to stick to other substances, cohesion is the attraction between water molecules themselves, and high specific heat is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of water. While these properties are important characteristics of water, they are not directly responsible for its ability to dissolve ionic salt compounds.
Two mice are both heterozygous for two traits: white fur (Ww) and short fur (Ss). Their offspring are most likely to have which of the following genotypes for these traits?
- A. wwss
- B. WWSS
- C. WwSs
- D. WWSs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When two mice that are heterozygous for white fur (Ww) and short fur (Ss) mate, they can produce offspring with different combinations of the two traits. The Punnett square for this cross shows that the most likely genotype for the offspring is WwSs. In this case, each offspring receives one allele for white fur (W) and one for short fur (S) from each parent, resulting in a heterozygous genotype for both traits. Choice A (wwss) is incorrect as it represents a homozygous recessive genotype for both traits. Choice B (WWSS) is also incorrect as it represents a homozygous dominant genotype for both traits. Choice D (WWSs) is incorrect as it represents a genotype where one trait is homozygous dominant (W) and the other is heterozygous (S), which is not the most likely outcome based on the given parental genotypes.
Which of the following is NOT a tissue layer found in skeletal bone?
- A. periosteum
- B. bone marrow
- C. enamel
- D. cancellous bone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Enamel is a hard, outer layer that covers the crown of a tooth and is not a tissue layer found in skeletal bone. The other options, periosteum, bone marrow, and cancellous bone, are all tissue layers or components found in skeletal bone. Periosteum is the connective tissue layer covering the bone surface, bone marrow is found within the bone cavities, and cancellous bone is a spongy, porous bone tissue.