Nokea
Which of the following medications would you administer for an overdose of acetaminophen?
- A. Naloxone
- B. Vitamin K
- C. Acetylcysteine
- D. Atropine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acetylcysteine is the specific antidote for acetaminophen overdose. Acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) toxicity can cause severe liver damage if not treated promptly. Acetylcysteine works by replenishing the depleted glutathione stores in the liver, helping to prevent liver damage and improving the patient's outcome. Naloxone is used for opioid overdose, vitamin K for reversing the effects of certain anticoagulants, and atropine for specific heart and nerve related conditions.
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This is the basis for calculation of infant dose in Clark's Rule :
- A. age ;
- B. weight ;
- C. height ;
- D. surface area ;
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In Clark's Rule, the basis for calculating the infant dose is weight. This is because weight is a crucial factor in determining the appropriate dosage for infants. Adjusting the dose based on weight helps in ensuring that the medication is administered safely and effectively. Infants have different proportions of body weight compared to older children and adults, which can influence how medications are metabolized in their bodies. Therefore, using weight as the basis for dosage calculation in Clark's Rule helps in providing a more accurate and individualized dose for infants.
Serious adverse effects of oral contraceptives include:
- A. Increase in skin oil followed by acne.
- B. Headache and dizziness.
- C. Early or mid-cycle bleeding.
- D. Thromboembolic complications.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Thromboembolic complications, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, are serious adverse effects of oral contraceptives. These occur due to the estrogen component, which increases the risk of blood clots. While headaches, dizziness, and breakthrough bleeding are common side effects, they are not as severe as thromboembolic events.
The patient accidentally takes too much of the prescribed warfarin (Coumadin) and is readmitted to the hospital with bleeding. Which drug can the nurse anticipates administrating?
- A. Protamine sulfate
- B. Alteplase (Activase, Cathflo Activas
- D. Reteplase (Retavas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Warfarin, also known as Coumadin, is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the production of clotting factors in the liver, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X. In the event of warfarin overdose, which can lead to excessive bleeding, the antidote is vitamin K. Vitamin K promotes the production of these clotting factors and helps reverse the effects of warfarin. Therefore, in this situation, the nurse can anticipate administering vitamin K to the patient to help stop the bleeding caused by the excess warfarin in the system.
An injection of penicillin into a penicillin-sensitized person may lead to death due to:
- A. absence of histamine
- B. a Shwartzman's reaction
- C. release of enzymes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- D. constriction of bronchioli and drop in blood pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A Shwartzman's reaction is a severe inflammatory response that occurs when a person who has previously been sensitized to penicillin is re-exposed to the drug. This exaggerated response can lead to widespread activation of inflammatory mediators and is characterized by endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation. This can result in a cascade of events leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and potentially death. It is different from a typical allergic reaction mediated by histamine release or constriction of bronchioli and drop in blood pressure. Additionally, the release of enzymes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes is not directly related to the fatal outcome of a penicillin injection in a sensitized individual.
A patient is experiencing mucositis (stomatitis) after receiving chemotherapy. Which symptomatic treatments will be appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Frequent mouth rinses
- B. Antiemetics
- C. Topical anesthetics
- D. Stress reduction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mucositis, or stomatitis, is a painful inflammation of the mucous membranes caused by chemotherapy. Frequent mouth rinses with saline or baking soda solutions help keep the mouth clean and promote healing. Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine, can provide pain relief. Stress reduction techniques, such as relaxation or mindfulness, may help manage the discomfort associated with mucositis. Antiemetics are used to control nausea and vomiting, which are not directly related to mucositis. Antibiotics are only necessary if there is a secondary infection, which is not mentioned in this scenario.